@article {1900, title = {Why be original? Two new species of Choeradoplana resembling the type species of the genus in their external aspects (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, year = {2019}, month = {2019/01/07}, pages = {1 - 19}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {The genus Choeradoplana Graff, 1896 encompasses 16 species, most of them found in Brazil. Herein two new species of this genus are described from remnants of Araucaria moist forests, located in the states of Paran{\'a} and Santa Catarina, south Brazil. Both species resemble the type-species of the genus, C.iheringi, showing brownish dorsal surface covered by dark-brown flecks. However, regarding their anatomy, the new species differ from C.iheringi and other congeners by a long and horizontal disposed permanent papilla. In such aspects, both species resemble C.benyai, but differ from this species, as well as from each other, in details of the prostatic vesicle, ejaculatory duct, and penis papilla.}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30647523}, author = {Turralde, Giuly Gouv{\^e}a and Leal-Zanchet, Ana} } @article {1889, title = {Are Planaria Individuals? What Regenerative Biology is Telling Us About the Nature of Multicellularity}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/03/12}, abstract = {Freshwater planaria (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Tricladida) pose a challenge to current concepts of biological individuality. We review molecular and developmental evidence suggesting that mature intact planaria are not biological individuals but their totipotent stem cells (neoblasts) are individuals. Neoblasts within a single planarian body are, in particular, genetically heterogeneous, migratory, effectively immortal, and effectively autonomous. They cooperate to maintain the planarian body as an obligate environment but compete to make this environment maximally conducive to the survival of their own neoblast lineages. These results suggest that planaria have not fully completed the transition to multicellularity, but instead represent an intermediate form in which a small number of genetically-heterogeneous, reproductively-competent cells effectively {\textquotedblleft}farm{\textquotedblright} their reproductively-incompetent offspring.}, isbn = {1934-2845}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-018-9448-9}, author = {Fields, Chris and Levin, Michael} } @article {doi:10.1111/jzs.12214, title = {Diversification and biogeographic history of the Western Palearctic freshwater flatworm genus Schmidtea (Tricladida: Dugesiidae), with a redescription of Schmidtea nova}, journal = {Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, year = {2018}, pages = {335-351}, abstract = {Abstract The freshwater flatworm genus Schmidtea is endemic in the Western Palearctic region, where it is represented by only four species, thus contrasting with the high species diversity of the closely related genus Dugesia within Europe. Although containing an important model species in developmental and regeneration research, viz. Schmidtea mediterranea, no evolutionary studies on the genus Schmidtea have been undertaken. For the first time, we present a well-resolved molecular phylogenetic tree of the four species of the genus, inferred on the basis of two molecular markers, and provide also the first detailed morphological account of Schmidtea nova. The phylogenetic tree generated corroborates an earlier speciation hypothesis based on karyological data and points to chromosomal rearrangements as the main drivers of speciation in this genus. The high genetic divergence between the four species, in combination with previous dating studies and their current geographic distribution, suggests that Schmidtea could have originated in Laurasia but lost most of its diversity during the Oligocene. Thus, its present distribution pattern may be the result of the expansion of three of its four relictual species over Europe, probably after the Pleistocene glaciations. Our detailed morphological study of S.~nova revealed that it shows a number of remarkable features: interconnected testis follicles, parovaria, an ejaculatory duct exiting into the primary as well as the secondary seminal vesicle by means of a nipple, and the wall of the distal section of the ejaculatory duct being sclerotic or chitinized.}, keywords = {Biogeography, molecular phylogeny, Schmidtea, speciation, taxonomy}, doi = {10.1111/jzs.12214}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzs.12214}, author = {Leria, Laia and Sluys, Ronald and Riutort, Marta} } @article {1894, title = {Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/05/22}, pages = {e4672}, abstract = {Background Species of the genera Bipalium and Diversibipalium, or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae), reaching length of 1 m; they are also easily distinguished from other land flatworms by the characteristic hammer shape of their head. Bipaliines, which have their origin in warm parts of Asia, are invasive species, now widespread worldwide. However, the scientific literature is very scarce about the widespread repartition of these species, and their invasion in European countries has not been studied. Methods In this paper, on the basis of a four year survey based on citizen science, which yielded observations from 1999 to 2017 and a total of 111 records, we provide information about the five species present in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories. We also investigated the molecular variability of cytochrome-oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens. Results Three species are reported from Metropolitan France: Bipalium kewense, Diversibipalium multilineatum, and an unnamed Diversibipalium {\textquoteleft}black{\textquoteright} species. We also report the presence of B. kewense from overseas territories, such as French Polynesia (Oceania), French Guiana (South America), the Caribbean French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barth{\'e}lemy, and Montserrat (Central America), and La R{\'e}union island (off South-East Africa). For B. vagum, observations include French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barth{\'e}lemy, Saint Martin, Montserrat, La R{\'e}union, and Florida (USA). A probable new species, Diversibipalium sp. {\textquoteleft}blue,{\textquoteright} is reported from Mayotte Island (off South{\textendash}East Africa). B. kewense, B. vagum and D. multilineatum each showed 0\% variability in their COI sequences, whatever their origin, suggesting that the specimens are clonal, and that sexual reproduction is probably absent. COI barcoding was efficient in identifying species, with differences over 10\% between species; this suggests that barcoding can be used in the future for identifying these invasive species. In Metropolitan south{\textendash}west France, a small area located in the Department of Pyr{\'e}n{\'e}es-Atlantiques was found to be a hot-spot of bipaliine biodiversity and abundance for more than 20 years, probably because of the local mild weather. Discussion The present findings strongly suggest that the species present in Metropolitan France and overseas territories should be considered invasive alien species. Our numerous records in the open in Metropolitan France raise questions: as scientists, we were amazed that these long and brightly coloured worms could escape the attention of scientists and authorities in a European developed country for such a long time; improved awareness about land planarians is certainly necessary. }, keywords = {Barcoding, Citizen science, France, Invasive alien species, Land planarian, Overseas French territories, Platyhelminthes}, isbn = {2167-8359}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4672}, author = {Justine,Jean-Lou and Winsor,Leigh and Gey,Delphine and Gros,Pierre and Th{\'e}venot,Jessica}, editor = {Riutort,Marta} } @article {1902, title = {Hidden diversity in forest soils: Characterization and comparison of terrestrial flatworm{\textquoteright}s communities in two national parks in Spain}, journal = {Ecology and EvolutionEcology and EvolutionEcol Evol}, volume = {8}, year = {2018}, note = {doi: 10.1002/ece3.4178}, month = {2018/08/01}, pages = {7386 - 7400}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}, abstract = {Abstract Terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, and Geoplanidae) belong to what is known as cryptic soil fauna of humid forests and are animals not easily found or captured in traps. Nonetheless, they have been demonstrated to be good indicators of the conservation status of their habitat as well as a good model to reconstruct the recent and old events affecting biodiversity. This is mainly due to their delicate constitution, their dependence on the integrity of their habitat, and their very low dispersal capacity. At present, little is known about their communities, except for some studies performed in Brazil. In this work, we analyze for the first time in Europe terrestrial flatworm communities. We have selected two protected areas belonging to the Red Espa{\~n}ola de Parques Nacionales. Our aims include performing a first study of the species richness and community structure for European terrestrial planarian species at regional and local scale. We evaluate the effect of type of forests in the community composition and flatworms? abundance, but also have into account the phylogenetic framework (never considered in previous studies) analyzed based on molecular data. We find differences in the species composition among parks, with an astonishingly high diversity of endemic species in the Parque Nacional de Picos de Europa and an extremely low diversity of species in the Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido. These divergent patterns cannot be attributed to differences in physical variables, and in addition, the analyses of their phylogenetic relationships and, for a few species, their genetic structure, point to a more probable historical explanation.}, keywords = {Last Glacial Maximum, Microplana, molecular phylogenetics, refugia, soil ecology, species diversity}, isbn = {2045-7758}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4178}, author = {{\'A}lvarez-Presas, Marta and Mateos, Eduardo and Riutort, Marta} } @inbook {1901, title = {Planarian Diversity and Phylogeny}, booktitle = {Planarian Regeneration: Methods and Protocols}, year = {2018}, month = {2018//}, pages = {1 - 56}, publisher = {Springer New York}, organization = {Springer New York}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {Hundreds of planarian species exist worldwide, representing a rich phenotypic diversity. This chapter presents an overview of the morphology and anatomy of various taxonomic groups of planarian flatworms, focusing on features enabling recognition and identification of the animals. The most recent view on the phylogenetic relationships of the planarians is presented, together with geographic distribution patterns of major groups of triclads. The chapter concludes with a brief methodological section outlining species identification on basis of anatomical features. In conjunction with the established laboratory model species, the phenotypic diversity of planarians provides rich opportunities for comparative studies, which this chapter aims to inspire.}, isbn = {978-1-4939-7802-1}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7802-1_1}, author = {Sluys, Ronald and Riutort, Marta}, editor = {Rink, Jochen C.} } @article {1899, title = {PlanMine 3.0{\textemdash}improvements to a mineable resource of flatworm biology and biodiversity}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Researchnar}, volume = {47}, year = {2018}, month = {2018}, pages = {D812 - D820}, abstract = {Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are a basally branching phylum that harbours a wealth of fascinating biology, including planarians with their astonishing regenerative abilities and the parasitic tape worms and blood flukes that exert a massive impact on human health. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) has the mission objective of providing both a mineable sequence repository for planarians and also a resource for the comparative analysis of flatworm biology. While the original PlanMine release was entirely based on transcriptomes, the current release transitions to a more genomic perspective. Building on the recent availability of a high quality genome assembly of the planarian model species Schmidtea mediterranea, we provide a gene prediction set that now assign existing transcripts to defined genomic coordinates. The addition of recent single cell and bulk RNA-seq datasets greatly expands the available gene expression information. Further, we add transcriptomes from a broad range of other flatworms and provide a phylogeny-aware interface that makes evolutionary species comparisons accessible to non-experts. At its core, PlanMine continues to utilize the powerful InterMine framework and consistent data annotations to enable meaningful inter-species comparisons. Overall, PlanMine 3.0 thus provides a host of new features that makes the fascinating biology of flatworms accessible to the wider research community.}, isbn = {0305-1048}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1070}, author = {Rozanski, Andrei and Brandl, Holger and Moon, HongKee and Grohme, Markus A and Henry, Ian and Rink, Jochen C and Martin-Duran, Jose M and H{\"u}ttner, Katja and Bartscherer, Kerstin} } @article {1903, title = {Searching for shelter in a ferruginous cave? A new species of Pasipha from a plateau in the Brazilian savanna (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/07/26}, pages = {13 - 25}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {In a fauna survey in the eastern margin of Serra do Espinha{\c c}o Plateau, in an area belonging to the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado phytophysiognomy), a land flatworm was sampled in a ferruginous cave. Anatomical and histological analyses indicated that it belongs to a new species of the genus Pasipha, which is herein described. The new species shows an almost homogenous dark brown dorsal pigmentation, eyes spreading over the dorsal surface, a collar-shaped pharynx, and a prostatic vesicle with two portions separated by a canal. It differs from similar species mainly by anatomical and histological details of the ejaculatory duct, as well as male and female atria. The flatworm shows no troglomorphic traits and was collected once in the entrance zone of the cave. Hence, despite representing the first land flatworm species described from a Neotropical cave, we consider that its occurrence in the cave is probably occasional, using it as a shelter.}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30100782}, author = {Leal-Zanchet, Ana and Marques, Alessandro} } @article {1678, title = {Antimicrobial capacity of the freshwater planarians against S. aureus is under the control of Timeless}, journal = {VirulenceVirulence}, year = {2017}, note = {doi: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1276689}, month = {2017/01/04}, pages = {1 - 10}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

ABSTRACTPlanarians, which are non-parasitic flatworms, are highly resistant to bacterial infections. To better understand the mechanisms underlying this resistance, we investigated the role of the circadian machinery in the anti-bacterial response of the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. We identified Smed-Tim from S. mediterranea as a homolog of the mammalian clock gene Tim. We showed via RNA interference that Smed-Tim is required for the anti-microbial activities of Schmidtea mediterranea against Staphylococcus aureus infection during the light/dark cycle. Indeed, S. aureus infection leads to the expression of Smed-Tim, which in turn promotes Smed-Traf6 and Smed-morn2, but not Smed-p38 MAPK expression, 2 master regulators of planarian anti-microbial responses.ABSTRACTPlanarians, which are non-parasitic flatworms, are highly resistant to bacterial infections. To better understand the mechanisms underlying this resistance, we investigated the role of the circadian machinery in the anti-bacterial response of the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. We identified Smed-Tim from S. mediterranea as a homolog of the mammalian clock gene Tim. We showed via RNA interference that Smed-Tim is required for the anti-microbial activities of Schmidtea mediterranea against Staphylococcus aureus infection during the light/dark cycle. Indeed, S. aureus infection leads to the expression of Smed-Tim, which in turn promotes Smed-Traf6 and Smed-morn2, but not Smed-p38 MAPK expression, 2 master regulators of planarian anti-microbial responses.

}, isbn = {2150-5594}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2016.1276689}, author = {Tsoumtsa, Landry Laure and Torre, Cedric and Trouplin, Virginie and Coiffard, Benjamin and Gimenez, Gregory and Mege, Jean-Louis and Ghigo, Eric} } @article {1676, title = {Biochemical and Molecular Study of Carpobrotus edulis Bioactive Properties and Their Effects on Dugesia sicula (Turbellaria, Tricladida) Regeneration}, year = {2017}, month = {2017//}, pages = {1 - 13}, abstract = {

The traditional medicinal properties of Carpobrotus edulis are well recognized, particularly in Tunisia where it is used for wound healing. Thus, in this study, biochemical and molecular properties of its leaves\’ bioactive aqueous-acetone extract were investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extract was estimated to be 184\ \±\ 5\ mg/100\ g of fresh matter (FM). The qualitative and quantitative polyphenolic profile was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (UPLC-DAD) and showed that chlorogenic acid was the major compound (43.7\%). The extract exhibits potent antioxidant capacities with IC50\ =\ 56.19 and 58.91\ \μg/ml, as accessed via the anionic DPPH and cationic ABTS radical scavenging assays, respectively. The extract has high antibacterial properties, especially against the Gram+ Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus strains. To investigate the extract effect on regeneration, the flatworm Dugesia sicula Lepori, 1948, was used as a model. The macroscopic analysis of planarian cultures in ordinary medium containing phenolic extract at non-toxic concentrations illustrated that the extract caused morphological changes. Additionally, the molecular study through the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique showed that C. edulis polyphenols can harm the stem cells\’ development. These results emphasize the ecotoxicological impact of phenolic rejections in the environment on flatworms\’ physiology.

}, isbn = {1559-0291}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2387-y}, author = {Meddeb, Emna and Charni, Mohamed and Ghazouani, Tesnime and Cozzolino, Autilia and Fratianni, Florinda and Raboudi, Faten and Nazzaro, Filomena and Fattouch, Sami} } @article {1705, title = {Embryonic origin of adult stem cells required for tissue homeostasis and regeneration.}, journal = {Elife}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Jan 10}, abstract = {

Planarian neoblasts are pluripotent, adult somatic stem cells and lineage-primed progenitors that are required for the production and maintenance of all differentiated cell types, including the germline. Neoblasts, originally defined as undifferentiated cells residing in the adult parenchyma, are frequently compared to embryonic stem cells yet their developmental origin remains obscure. We investigated the provenance of neoblasts during Schmidtea mediterranea embryogenesis, and report that neoblasts arise from an anarchic, cycling piwi-1+ population wholly responsible for production of all temporary and definitive organs during embryogenesis. Early embryonic piwi-1+ cells are molecularly and functionally distinct from neoblasts: they express unique cohorts of early embryo enriched transcripts and behave differently than neoblasts in cell transplantation assays. Neoblast lineages arise as organogenesis begins and are required for construction of all major organ systems during embryogenesis. These subpopulations are continuously generated during adulthood, where they act as agents of tissue homeostasis and regeneration.

}, issn = {2050-084X}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.21052}, author = {Davies, Erin L and Lei, Kai and Seidel, Christopher W and Kroesen, Amanda E and McKinney, Sean A and Guo, Longhua and Robb, Sofia Mc and Ross, Eric J and Gotting, Kirsten and Alvarado, Alejandro Sanchez} } @article {1675, title = {Identification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in Dugesia japonica}, volume = {613}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/5/20/}, pages = {1 - 9}, abstract = {

AbstractPlacenta specific protein 8 (Plac8) has been well studied in vertebrates, yet little is known in invertebrates. In this study, a novel Plac8 from the planarian Dugesia japonica was identified and its functions in immune responses and development were characterized. Our results show that Djplac8 was expressed in the pharynx, epidermis and intestine of intact adult planarian. The expression of DjPlac8 increased significantly upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, and inhibited the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), suggesting the role of Plac8 in immune response. Spatial and temporal expression and distribution of DjPlac8 mRNA in regenerated planarians indicates that DjPlac8 was mainly expressed in the pharynx. In situ hybridization also revealed the elevated expression of the DjPlac8 gene in the embryonic pharynx, germ band and parenchyma cells, indicating an important role in embryonic development of D. japonica. When DjPlac8 was deactivated by RNA interference-mediated knockdown, the head of planarians underwent abnormal development. In summary, we identified DjPlac8 as a novel multifunctional protein that plays essential roles in immune response and development of planarians.

}, keywords = {Development, Immunity, Pharynx, Plac8, planarian}, isbn = {0378-1119}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378111917301130}, author = {Pang, Qiuxiang and Gao, Lili and Bai, Yun and Deng, Hongkuan and Han, Yu and Hu, Wenjing and Zhang, Yanhui and Yuan, Shanhang and Sun, Wenping and Lu, Yiqian and Zhang, Xiufang and Liu, Baohua and Zhao, Bosheng} } @article {1731, title = {The identification of ᴅ-tryptophan as a bioactive substance for postembryonic ovarian development in the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/03/24/online}, pages = {45175 - }, publisher = {The Author(s)}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep45175}, author = {Kobayashi, Kazuya and Maezawa, Takanobu and Tanaka, Hiroyuki and Onuki, Hiroyuki and Horiguchi, Yurie and Hirota, Hiroshi and Ishida, Tetsuo and Horiike, Kihachiro and Agata, Yasutoshi and Aoki, Manabu and Hoshi, Motonori and Matsumoto, Midori} } @article {1740, title = {Increased taxon sampling reveals thousands of hidden orthologs in flatworms}, journal = {Genome Res}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Apr 11}, abstract = {

Gains and losses shape the gene complement of animal lineages and are a fundamental aspect of genomic evolution. Acquiring a comprehensive view of the evolution of gene repertoires is limited by the intrinsic limitations of common sequence similarity searches and available databases. Thus, a subset of the gene complement of an organism consists of hidden orthologs, i.e., those with no apparent homology to sequenced animal lineages - mistakenly considered new genes - but actually representing rapidly evolving orthologs or undetected paralogs. Here, we describe Leapfrog, a simple automated BLAST pipeline that leverages increased taxon sampling to overcome long evolutionary distances and identify putative hidden orthologs in large transcriptomic databases by transitive homology. As a case study, we used 35 transcriptomes of 29 flatworm lineages to recover 3,427 putative hidden orthologs, some of them not identified by OrthoFinder and HaMStR, two common orthogroup inference algorithms. Unexpectedly, we do not observe a correlation between the number of putative hidden orthologs in a lineage and its \&$\#$39;average\&$\#$39; evolutionary rate. Hidden orthologs do not show unusual sequence composition biases that might account for systematic errors in sequence similarity searches. Instead, gene duplication with divergence of one paralog and weak positive selection appear to underlie hidden orthology in Platyhelminthes. By using Leapfrog, we identify key centrosome-related genes and homeodomain classes previously reported as absent in free-living flatworms, e.g. planarians. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that hidden orthologs comprise a significant proportion of the gene repertoire in flatworms, qualifying the impact of gene losses and gains in gene complement evolution.

}, issn = {1549-5469}, doi = {10.1101/gr.216226.116}, author = {Martin-Duran, Jose M and Ryan, Joseph F and Vellutini, Bruno and Pang, Kevin and Hejnol, Andreas} } @article {1697, title = {Land flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) of S{\~a}o Tom{\'e}:~a first account on their diversity, with the description of five new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4221}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Jan 17}, pages = {zootaxa.4221.3.2}, abstract = {

The present contribution provides the first faunistic and taxonomic account of six species of land flatworm from the island of S\ão Tom\é, including five new species of the genus Othelosoma Gray, 1869 and the introduced Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878. One of the new species represents the first African land flatworm that has specks on its dorsal body surface, instead of stripes or a more or less uniform colouration. At least two of the new species were observed to prey on snails. The study details the fourth record of a sclerotic spermatophore in a species of land flatworm, and discusses the definition and homology of double female genital canals in African and Indian species of the genus Othelosoma.

}, issn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4221.3.2}, author = {Sluys, Ronald and Neumann, Matthias and Lima, Ricardo F DE and Drewes, Robert C} } @article {1835, title = {A new species of freshwater flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae) inhabiting a chemoautotrophic groundwater ecosystem in Romania}, journal = {European Journal of Taxonomy}, year = {2017}, pages = {1{\textendash}21}, abstract = {

We report the description of a new species of freshwater flatworm of the genus Dendrocoelum inhabiting the chemoautotrophic ecosystem of Movile Cave as well as several sulfidic wells in the nearby town of Mangalia, thus representing the first planarian species fully described from this extreme biotope. The species was also found in non-sulfidic wells localized in villages in the vicinity of the cave with a total of nine examined populations. Dendrocoelum obstinatum Stocchino \& Sluys, sp. nov. represents the first triclad being able to live in both sulfidic and non-sulfidic waters. Among the fauna of the Mangalia sulfidic ecosystem it is the only species found also outside of the current boundaries of the sulfidic aquifer. One possible explanation of this peculiar distribution is that the new species is limited to the old boundaries of the sulfidic aquifer. The latter became much smaller during the hydrogeological history of the region, so that D. obstinatum may be considered to be an indicator of the extension of the sulfidic aquifer in the past of the Mangalia region. In the context of a biogeographic discussion on the distribution of the genus Dendrocoelum we provide an annotated checklist of species reported from Romania.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.342}, url = {http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/467}, author = {Giacinta Angela Stocchino and Ronald Sluys and Masaharu Kawakatsu and Serban Mircea Sarbu and Renata Manconi} } @article {1859, title = {A new species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Planariidae) from China}, journal = {Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae}, volume = {63}, year = {2017}, pages = {263{\textendash}276}, url = {http://actazool.nhmus.hu/63/3/ActaZH_2017_Vol_63_3_263.pdf}, author = {Zi-Mei Dong and Guang-Wen Chen and He-Cai Zhang and De-Zeng Liu} } @article {1704, title = {The pioneer factor Smed-gata456-1 is required for gut cell differentiation and maintenance in planarians.}, journal = {Int J Dev Biol}, volume = {61}, year = {2017}, month = {2017}, pages = {53-63}, abstract = {

How adult stem cells differentiate into different cell types remains one of the most intriguing questions in regenerative medicine. Pioneer factors are transcription factors that can bind to and open chromatin, and are among the first elements involved in cell differentiation. We used the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea as a model system to study the role of the gata456 family of pioneer factors in gut cell differentiation during both regeneration and maintenance of the digestive system. Our findings reveal the presence of two members of the gata456 family in the Schmidtea mediterranea genome; Smed-gata456-1 and Smed-gata456-2. Our results show that Smed-gata456-1 is the only ortholog with a gut cell-related function. Smed-gata456-1 is essential for the differentiation of precursors into intestinal cells and for the survival of these differentiated cells, indicating a key role in gut regeneration and maintenance. Furthermore, tissues other than the gut appear normal following Smed-gata456-1 RNA interference (RNAi), indicating a gut-specific function. Importantly, different neoblast subtypes are unaffected by Smed-gata456-1(RNAi), suggesting that 1) Smed-gata456-1 is involved in the differentiation and maintenance, but not in the early determination, of gut cells; and 2) that the stem cell compartment is not dependent on a functional gut.

}, issn = {1696-3547}, doi = {10.1387/ijdb.160321es}, author = {Gonz{\'a}lez-Sastre, Alejandro and De Sousa, N{\'\i}dia and Adell, Teresa and Salo, Emili} } @article {1747, title = {Polyploidy as a chromosomal component of stochastic noise: variable scalar multiples of the diploid chromosome complement in the invertebrate species Girardia schubarti from Brazil.}, journal = {Braz J Biol}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Jun 12}, abstract = {

Chromosome stoichiometry, a form of genetic plasticity, specifically refers to variation in the standard diploid genomic composition of an individual or species. In the present work, freshwater planarians (Girardia schubarti) were analyzed to recognize variations in chromosomal stoichiometry especially of complete ploidal change between specimens, within specimens and between cells within specimens and any relations they might have with selected components of phenotypic plasticity. Homoploid polyploids for the group reached rational scalar multiples (e.g. tetraploids) or irrational scalar multiples (e.g. triploids). Karyotypic mosaics emerged where individual cells presented polyploid multiples in arithmetic and geometric progressions. Ploidal multiplicity, a chromosomal component of stochastic noise, had positive phenotypic effects (increased dimensions) on morphologic criteria of body length, body width and dorsal surface reflecting a significant genotypic plasticity (GP) and robust phenotypic plasticity (PP). Variable but significant association of genotypic plasticity with robust phenotypic variance suggests kinetics of phenotypic homeostasis that is species-specific permitting phenotypic adaptability to environmental variables by means of GP. That association is diminished, deactivated or lost in more advanced and more complex organisms.

}, issn = {1678-4375}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.20615}, author = {Benya, E G F and Leal-Zanchet, A M and Hauser, J} } @article {1802, title = {Population genetics and dispersal of the flatworm, Polycelis coronata: a test of the habitat stability hypothesis}, journal = {Journal of Freshwater EcologyJournal of Freshwater Ecology}, volume = {32}, year = {2017}, pages = {179-192}, abstract = {

ABSTRACTThe habitat stability hypothesis states that species in spring-like habitats have little reason to disperse compared to species in temporary habitats. Planarians commonly inhabit springs around the world and they have long been considered poor dispersers. Recently, however, genetic analyses have shown contradictory results on the dispersal of planarians. Asexual planarians that can establish a new population by colonization of a single individual showed little genetic differentiation between sites separated by hundreds of kilometers, whereas species inhabiting springs showed deep differentiation between sites separated by hundreds of meters. The latter results are consistent with the habitat stability hypothesis. We used the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene from 468 individuals of Polycelis coronata, an asexual species, collected from 50 sites, nested in 26 tributaries, in 4 catchments of the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA, to explore the dispersal capabilities of P. coronata. The longest distance between sites was 66\ km. Despite this small spatial extent, we found that 77\% of the 130 haplotypes were collected from a single site and 89\% from a single catchment. FST values between local populations in the same tributary (0.221, 0.266, 0.389) were similar to the average FST values in different catchments for other headwater taxa. Also, variation among individuals accounted for the majority of genetic structuring with little differentiation beyond the scale of a single site. Dispersal is very slow in this species which is consistent with the habitat stability hypothesis. However, we suggest that other explanations also warrant consideration. We also identified two potential cryptic species suggesting a high degree of hidden variation at the level of species in this genus.ABSTRACTThe habitat stability hypothesis states that species in spring-like habitats have little reason to disperse compared to species in temporary habitats. Planarians commonly inhabit springs around the world and they have long been considered poor dispersers. Recently, however, genetic analyses have shown contradictory results on the dispersal of planarians. Asexual planarians that can establish a new population by colonization of a single individual showed little genetic differentiation between sites separated by hundreds of kilometers, whereas species inhabiting springs showed deep differentiation between sites separated by hundreds of meters. The latter results are consistent with the habitat stability hypothesis. We used the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene from 468 individuals of Polycelis coronata, an asexual species, collected from 50 sites, nested in 26 tributaries, in 4 catchments of the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA, to explore the dispersal capabilities of P. coronata. The longest distance between sites was 66\ km. Despite this small spatial extent, we found that 77\% of the 130 haplotypes were collected from a single site and 89\% from a single catchment. FST values between local populations in the same tributary (0.221, 0.266, 0.389) were similar to the average FST values in different catchments for other headwater taxa. Also, variation among individuals accounted for the majority of genetic structuring with little differentiation beyond the scale of a single site. Dispersal is very slow in this species which is consistent with the habitat stability hypothesis. However, we suggest that other explanations also warrant consideration. We also identified two potential cryptic species suggesting a high degree of hidden variation at the level of species in this genus.

}, isbn = {0270-5060}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2016.1253624}, author = {Rader, Russell B. and Unmack, Peter J. and Moore, Jeffrey N.} } @article {1730, title = {Sulphated glycosaminoglycans support an assortment of planarian rhabdite structures}, journal = {Biol Open}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Mar 16}, abstract = {

Planaria are soft-bodied, bilateral flatworms of the phylum Playhelminthes. They are covered in cilia and use ciliary-gliding to traverse the substratum while hunting. Their body surface is covered in a layer of viscous slime primarily derived from specialised secretory granules known as rhabdites. The slime must somehow stay associated with the surface of the animal in aqueous environments whilst also lubricating the interface of the animal and the surfaces over which the animal moves. The slime prevents damage to the animal\&$\#$39;s soft body and also contributes to adhesion to the substratum. In order to gain insight into how it might achieve these diverse functions, we performed electron microscopic examination of the slime\&$\#$39;s structure. Analysis of two freshwater flatworms from the UK Schmidtea polychroa (Schmidt, 1861) and Polycelis tenuis (Ijima, 1884) revealed a high level of organisation of the slime layer and a variety of ejected slime structures. We show that these structures are rich in sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). Most of these (269 of 285 examined) appear to be topologically-closed spheroids that we name ball-GAGs Another class appears to burst to release flower- and star-like clusters which adhere to motile cilia. We also observe fibrous nets that are associated with entrapped bacteria. Examination of the structure of rhabdites ejected onto a porous surface suggests a mechanism by which their structure allows them to both bind to the porous surface and provide a smooth layer over which the animal could glide. Such sGAG-based structures might provide models for the design of artificial biomimetic replacements for tears, saliva, bio-compatible lubricants or drug-delivery vehicles.

}, doi = {10.1242/bio.024554}, author = {Hayes, Matthew J} } @article {1677, title = {Three new species of Cratera Carbayo et al., 2013 from Araucaria forests with a key to species of the genus (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, year = {2017}, month = {2017}, pages = {1 - 32}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {

Areas of Araucaria moist forest have been considered to constitute hotspots of land flatworm diversity, harbouring a high number of undescribed species. Herein we describe three new species of land flatworms of Cratera occurring in such type of forest in south Brazil. The three species are differentiated from their congeners mainly by their colour pattern, anatomy of the pharynx and prostatic vesicle, and details of the penis papilla and male atrium. An identification key to species of the genus in the Neotropical region is provided.

}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5242264/}, author = {Rossi, Ilana and Leal-Zanchet, Ana} } @article {1673, title = {Basal bodies across eukaryotes series: basal bodies in the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea}, journal = {Cilia}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {15}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, address = {London}, abstract = {The freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has recently emerged as a valuable model system to study basal bodies (BBs) and cilia. Planarians are free-living flatworms that use cilia beating at the surface of their ventral epidermis for gliding along substrates. The ventral epidermis is composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) that are similar to the MCCs in the respiratory airways, the brain ventricles, and the oviducts in vertebrates. In the planarian epidermis, each cell assembles approximately eighty cilia that beat in a coordinate fashion across the tissue. The BBs that nucleate these cilia all assemble de novo during terminal differentiation of MCCs. The genome of the planarian S. mediterranea has been sequenced and efficient methods for targeting gene expression by RNA interference are available. Defects induced by perturbing the expression of BB proteins can be detected simply by analyzing the locomotion of planarians. BBs are present in large numbers and in predictable orientation, which greatly facilitates analyses by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The great ease in targeting gene expression and analyzing associated defects allowed to identify a set of proteins required for BB assembly and function in planarian MCCs. Future technological developments, including methods for transgenic expression in planarians and in related species, will achieve turning free-living flatworms into powerful model systems to study MCCs and the associated human pathologies.}, isbn = {2046-2530}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4799839/}, author = {Azimzadeh, Juliette and Basquin, Cyril} } @article {1685, title = {Basal bodies across eukaryotes series: basal bodies in the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {2016//}, pages = {15}, abstract = {

The freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has recently emerged as a valuable model system to study basal bodies (BBs) and cilia. Planarians are free-living flatworms that use cilia beating at the surface of their ventral epidermis for gliding along substrates. The ventral epidermis is composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) that are similar to the MCCs in the respiratory airways, the brain ventricles, and the oviducts in vertebrates. In the planarian epidermis, each cell assembles approximately eighty cilia that beat in a coordinate fashion across the tissue. The BBs that nucleate these cilia all assemble de novo during terminal differentiation of MCCs. The genome of the planarian S. mediterranea has been sequenced and efficient methods for targeting gene expression by RNA interference are available. Defects induced by perturbing the expression of BB proteins can be detected simply by analyzing the locomotion of planarians. BBs are present in large numbers and in predictable orientation, which greatly facilitates analyses by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The great ease in targeting gene expression and analyzing associated defects allowed to identify a set of proteins required for BB assembly and function in planarian MCCs. Future technological developments, including methods for transgenic expression in planarians and in related species, will achieve turning free-living flatworms into powerful model systems to study MCCs and the associated human pathologies.

}, isbn = {2046-2530}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13630-016-0037-1}, author = {Azimzadeh, Juliette and Basquin, Cyril} } @article {ECE3:ECE31969, title = {Chromosome numbers in three species groups of freshwater flatworms increase with increasing latitude}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, year = {2016}, pages = {n/a{\textendash}n/a}, abstract = {Polyploidy in combination with parthenogenesis offers advantages for plasticity and the evolution of a broad ecological tolerance of species. Therefore, a positive correlation between the level of ploidy and increasing latitude as a surrogate for environmental harshness has been suggested. Such a positive correlation is well documented for plants, but examples for animals are still rare. Species of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are widely distributed, show a remarkably wide range of chromosome numbers, and offer therefore good model systems to study the geographical distribution of chromosome numbers. We analyzed published data on counts of chromosome numbers and geographical information of three flatworm {\textquotedblleft}species{\textquotedblright} (Phagocata vitta, Polycelis felina and Crenobia alpina) sampled across Europe (220 populations). We used the mean chromosome number across individuals of a population as a proxy for the level of ploidy within populations, and we tested for relationships of this variable with latitude, mode of reproduction (sexual, asexual or both) and environmental variables (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal temperature range, mean precipitation and net primary production). The mean chromosome numbers of all three species increased with latitude and decreased with mean annual temperature. For two species, chromosome number also decreased with mean precipitation and net primary production. Furthermore, high chromosome numbers within species were accompanied with a loss of sexual reproduction. The variation of chromosome numbers within individuals of two of the three species increased with latitude. Our results support the hypothesis that polyploid lineages are able to cope with harsh climatic conditions at high latitudes. Furthermore, we propose that asexual reproduction in populations with high levels of polyploidization stabilizes hybridization events. Chromosomal irregularities within individuals tend to become more frequent at the extreme environments of high latitudes, presumably because of mitotic errors and downsizing of the genome.}, keywords = {Geographical range, parthenogenesis, Platyhelminthes, polyploidy, reproduction}, issn = {2045-7758}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.1969}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1969}, author = {Lorch, Sven and Zeuss, Dirk and Brandl, Roland and Br{\"a}ndle, Martin} } @article {1548, title = {Comparative sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species to wastewater from an operational coal mine in central Queensland, Australia}, volume = {129}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/7//}, pages = {1 - 9}, abstract = {AbstractCoal excavation and refinement processes generate substantial volumes of contaminated effluent that may be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. As such, understanding the impacts of coal mine water releases on aquatic animals and ecosystems is essential for effectively managing and protecting neighboring environments. Such information will ultimately be applied towards developing ongoing monitoring strategies that are protective of native wildlife. Despite intensive mining operations in Australia, few studies have documented toxicity associated with coal mine wastewater (CMW) on native species. To address existing knowledge gaps, we investigated acute toxicity (48{\textendash}96 h) using eight native invertebrate species and sub-chronic effects (2 week) using three vertebrate species following exposure to wastewater from two dams (CMW1 and CMW2) located at an open-cut coal mine licensed to discharge into the Fitzroy catchment (Queensland, Australia). Wastewater from these sites is characterized by elevated conductivity, pH, sulfates as well as relatively high total and dissolved metal(loid)s (including As, Al, B, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn). Acute exposures revealed cladocerans (Daphnia carinata) and planarians (Dugesia sp.) to be the most sensitive species, exhibiting significant mortality after 48 and 96 h exposure to CMW2, respectively. Neither wastewater was found to elicit acute toxicity in vertebrates, but a range of sub-lethal morphological effects were observed following the sub-chronic exposures. The overall response pattern was characterized by decreased condition factor and hepatosomatic index in the fish Hypseleotris compressa and Pseudomugil signifier, and in Limnodynastes peronii tadpoles. Tadpoles were generally more sensitive compared to the two fish species. Differences in responses were observed amongst CMW1 and CMW2, which likely relates to differences in physico-chemical properties between sites. Our results have identified several candidate vertebrate and invertebrate species that show promise for ongoing monitoring of water quality and toxicity risk in Central Queensland, Australia. }, keywords = {Australia, Coal mine wastewater, Fish, Invertebrates, Tadpole, Whole effluent toxicity}, isbn = {0147-6513}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765131630063X}, author = {Lanct{\^o}t, C. and Wilson, S.P. and Fabbro, L. and Leusch, F.D.L. and Melvin, S.D.} } @article {1546, title = {De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Immune Related Genes and the RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Freshwater Planarian (Dugesia japonica)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {11}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {e0151597}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, CA USA}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica (D. japonica) possesses extraordinary ability to regenerate lost organs or body parts. Interestingly, in the process of regeneration, there is little wound infection, suggesting that D. japonica has a formidable innate immune system. The importance of immune system prompted us to search for immune-related genes and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways. RESULTS: Transcriptome sequencing of D. japonica was performed on an IlluminaHiSeq2000 platform. A total of 27,180 transcripts were obtained by Trinity assembler. CEGMA analysis and mapping of all trimmed reads back to the assembly result showed that our transcriptome assembly covered most of the whole transcriptome. 23,888 out of 27,180 transcripts contained ORF (open reading fragment), and were highly similar to those in Schistosoma mansoni using BLASTX analysis. 8,079 transcripts (29.7\%) and 8,668 (31.9\%) were annotated by Blast2GO and KEGG respectively. A DYNLRB-like gene was cloned to verify its roles in the immune response. Finally, the expression patterns of 4 genes (RIG-I, TRAF3, TRAF6, P38) in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were detected, and the results showed they are very likely to be involved in planarian immune response. CONCLUSION: RNA-Seq analysis based on the next-generation sequencing technology was an efficient approach to discover critical genes and to understand their corresponding biological functions. Through GO and KEGG analysis, several critical and conserved signaling pathways and genes related to RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were identified. Four candidate genes were selected to identify their expression dynamics in the process of pathogen stimulation. These annotated transcripts of D. japonica provide a useful resource for subsequent investigation of other important pathways.}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4795655/}, author = {Pang, Qiuxiang and Gao, Lili and Hu, Wenjing and An, Yang and Deng, Hongkuan and Zhang, Yichao and Sun, Xiaowen and Zhu, Guangzhong and Liu, Baohua and Zhao, Bosheng}, editor = {Robinson-Rechavi, Marc} } @article {BEM:BEM21971, title = {Early exposure of rotating magnetic fields promotes central nervous regeneration in planarian Girardia sinensis}, journal = {Bioelectromagnetics}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, pages = {244{\textendash}255}, abstract = {Magnetic field exposure is an accepted safe and effective modality for nerve injury. However, it is clinically used only as a supplement or salvage therapy at the later stage of treatment. Here, we used a planarian Girardia sinensis decapitated model to investigate beneficial effects of early rotary non-uniform magnetic fields (RMFs) exposure on central nervous regeneration. Our results clearly indicated that magnetic stimulation induced from early RMFs exposure significantly promoted neural regeneration of planarians. This stimulating effect is frequency and intensity dependent. Optimum effects were obtained when decapitated planarians were cultured at 20 {\textdegree}C, starved for 3 days before head-cutting, and treated with 6 Hz 0.02 T RMFs. At early regeneration stage, RMFs exposure eliminated edema around the wound and facilitated subsequent formation of blastema. It also accelerated cell proliferation and recovery of neuron functionality. Early RMFs exposure up-regulated expression of neural regeneration related proteins, EGR4 and Netrin 2, and mature nerve cell marker proteins, NSE and NPY. These results suggest that RMFs therapy produced early and significant benefit in central nervous regeneration, and should be clinically used at the early stage of neural regeneration, with appropriate optimal frequency and intensity. Bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:244{\textendash}255, 2016. {\textcopyright} 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, keywords = {neural regeneration, planarian, rotary non-uniform magnetic fields, stimulating effect, window effect}, issn = {1521-186X}, doi = {10.1002/bem.21971}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.21971}, author = {Chen, Qiang and Lin, Gui-miao and Wu, Nan and Tang, Sheng-wei and Zheng, Zhi-jia and Lin, Marie Chia-mi and Xu, Gai-xia and Liu, Hao and Deng, Yue-yue and Zhang, Xiao-yun and Chen, Si-ping and Wang, Xiao-mei and Niu, Han-ben} } @article {1679, title = {First report of the genus Cratera (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Argentina, with description of a new species and comments on the species of the genus}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {610}, year = {2016}, month = {11/08/2016}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {

A new species of land planarians of the genus Cratera is described. Cratera viridimaculata sp. n. was recorded in the Atlantic Forest Ecoregion, in north-eastern Argentina, and represents the first report of the genus Cratera outside Brazil. The new species is about 50 mm in length and externally characterized by a color pattern consisting of a light green olive pigmentation on the dorsum, stippled with dark gray fine spots, and dorsal eyes. Other features regarding the internal anatomy are the presence of a glandular margin, Cutaneous Muscular Index (CMI) of 10\–13\%, pharynx cylindrical, prostatic vesicle extrabulbar, tubular and C-shaped, with a proximal bifurcated portion, penis papilla protrusible with ejaculatory duct widened in its distal portion, and female atrium funnel-shaped. The new species is compared and discussed with its congeners.

}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.610.9465}, author = {Lisandro Negrete and Francisco Bursa} } @article {1698, title = {First report of the land planarian Diversibipalium multilineatum (Makino \& Shirasawa, 1983) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) in Europe.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4067}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 Jan 26}, pages = {577-80}, abstract = {

Introduction of alien species may significantly affect soil ecosystems, through predation or disruption of components of native ecosystems (Winsor et al. 2004; \Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014). Land planarians have been reported as alien species in soils throughout the world and, among those, some species are considered to be successful invaders, e.g. Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963, Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy, 1894), Bipalium adventitium Hyman, 1943, Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 and Dolichoplana striata Moseley, 1877 (Winsor et al. 2004; \Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014, 2015). Soil moisture status seems to be an important element for their successful invasion (Fraser \& Boag 1998). In Europe at least 18 species of alien land planarians have been recorded since now and some of them are considered as invasive ones, e.g. P. manokwari (cf. Justine et al. 2014). Although the alien land planarian B. kewense has been reported to occur in many greenhouses in Italy (Bello et al. 1995), no data are available on its establishment and/or impact on natural environments. On 28th September 2014, 20 specimens (~1 individual/m2) of the land planarian Diversibipalium multilineatum (Makino \& Shirasawa, 1983) (Fig. 1), native to Japan, were collected under pots, branches and plastic materials in a private garden located in the center of Bologna (Emilia Romagna, Central Italy), near the urban park Giardini Margherita (44\°29\&$\#$39; N, 11\°21\&$\#$39; E; WGS84). Thirty plant species (both indigenous and alien), mainly cultivated as bonsai (e.g. Lagerstroemia indica L., Juniperus procumbens (Siebold ex Endl.) Miquel), were present in this shady, wet garden (25 m2). Between March 2014 and June 2015, 70 more specimens of D. multilineatum were collected at the same site, mainly at dusk and dawn after rain. Reproduction by fission and regeneration processes were observed in several of those specimens, which were kept for some time in captivity. A specimen of D. multilineatum was also collected in a garden in L\éguevin (Haute-Garonne, France), which will be described in a forthcoming paper by Justine et al. (in prep.) (see also Kawakatsu et al. 2014). Specimens without a genital pore were initially ascribed to D. multilineatum on the basis of their external appearance: the dorsal surface was brownish yellow and presented five longitudinal stripes at the head plate and the neck, showing the typical appearance of the species. The middorsal stripe was widened at its anterior end, on the head plate, and at the pharynx level. The ventral pattern of the animals at the pharyngeal region was also characteristic, with the middorsal stripe widened at this level. The Italian Diversibipalium specimens used for the molecular analysis were fixed and preserved in absolute ethanol. Fragments of the mitochondrial gene COI and 28S ribosomal RNA nuclear gene (GenBank Acc. Numbers KU245358 and KU245357, respectively) were obtained using the procedure and COI primers described in \Álvarez-Presas et al. (2008) and Sol\à et al. (2013). The French specimen\&$\#$39;s COI (Specimen MNHN JL177, GenBank Acc. Number KT922162) was obtained as described in Justine et al. (2015). 28S sequences of 14 Bipaliinae specimens and four Microplana species (outgroup) retrieved from GenBank were included in the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 2). Sequence alignment was obtained by using the online software MAFFT version 7 (Katoh \& Standley 2013), while ambiguously aligned positions were removed using the program Gblocks (Talavera \& Castresana 2007) with default settings, excepting the minimum number of sequences for a flank position at the minimum value (set at 10) and with half of the allowed gap positions. The final alignment had a length of 1589 bp. We used two phylogenetic inference approaches: maximum likelihood (ML), using the RaxML 8.2.3 software (Stamatakis 2014), and Bayesian inferences (BI), using MrBayes 3.2.4 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The evolutionary model used, GTR+I+G, was estimated to be the best with the software jModeltest 2.1.7 (Darriba et al. 2012; Guindon \& Gascuel 2003), using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). MrBayes analyses were performed for 10-milion generation with sampling parameters every 103 and a 25\% default burn-in value for the final trees. Convergence of the two runs (average standard deviation of split frequencies \<\< 0.01) and likelihood stationarity were checked. The maximum likelihood analyses were performed under 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. The phylogenetic results show a close and highly supported relationship of the Italian Diversibipalium specimens with those from Japan and South Korea that have been identified as D. multilineatum (Fig. 2). Diversibipalium multilineatum is the sister-group of B. nobile Kawakatsu \& Makino, 1982, but with low support. The COI sequences of the French (MNHN JL177) and the Italian Diversibipalium specimens were compared in Geneious v. 8.0.5 (http://www.geneious.com, Kearse et al. 2012) and were found to be identical. These results indicate that the species introduced in both countries is the same, and most probably concerns the species D. multilineatum. The pathways of introduction of D. multilineatum are currently unknown, although a relationship between the horticultural trade and the introduction of alien land planarians is well known (\Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014 and references therein). Here we report the first occurrence of individuals of D. multilineatum outside Asia. The GenBank sequence of D. multilineatum from South Korea is not yet supported by a published description of the specimen, while it is debatable whether South Korea should be considered part of the natural range of D. multilineatum, which only seems to include Japan. In the present paper, we consider the South Korean animal to be an introduced specimen. Soil moisture status, temperature, and food availability are considered to be the main factors determining the presence of terrestrial planarians (Boag et al. 1998); the microclimatic conditions of the Italian garden were similar to plant nurseries and greenhouses, while an abundance of food was available, such as isopods [Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833)], oligochaetes [Dendrobaena attemsi (Michaelsen, 1902) and several juveniles of Lumbricus spp.] and gastropods [Cernuella cisalpina (Rossmassler, 1837), Cornu aspersum (O.F. M\üller 1774), Deroceras reticulatum (O.F. M\üller, 1774), Discus rotundatus (O.F. M\üller, 1774), Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758), Milax nigricans (Philippi, 1836), Papillifera papillaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Pomatias elegans (O.F. M\üller, 1774)]. Moreover, winter 2014 reached the highest temperatures and rainfall of the last two decades (source: CNR-ISAC, Bologna), thus favouring establishment and spread of D. multilineatum. The potential environmental impacts of some invasive flatworms are well documented (\Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014) and, even if these effects have not yet been assessed for D. multilineatum, the adoption of precautionary measures and of early intervention is here strongly recommended (Genovesi \& Shine 2004). Finally, knowledge of the introduction pathway(s), together with the analysis of prey preference and possible impact on the invertebrate fauna, will be essential to halt or at least to limit the spread of this introduced land flatworm.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Body Size, Europe, phylogeny, planarians}, issn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4067.5.4}, author = {Mazza, Giuseppe and Menchetti, Mattia and Sluys, Ronald and Sol{\`a}, Eduard and Riutort, Marta and Tricarico, Elena and Justine, Jean-Lou and Cavigioli, Luca and Mori, Emiliano} } @article {1674, title = {Germline Defects Caused by Smed-boule RNA-Interference Reveal That Egg Capsule Deposition Occurs Independently of Fertilization, Ovulation, Mating, or the Presence of Gametes in Planarian Flatworms}, journal = {PLoS Genetics}, volume = {12}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/05/}, pages = {e1006030}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, CA USA}, abstract = {Few animals are known to lay eggs in the absence of ovulation or copulation, as it is presumably energetically wasteful and subjected to negative selection. Characterization of Smed-boule, a member of the DAZ family of germline RNA-binding proteins, revealed that egg capsule (or capsule) production and deposition occurs independently of the presence of gametes in the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea. Reduction of Smed-boule expression by RNA-interference (RNAi) causes ablation of spermatogonial stem cells and the inability of ovarian germline stem cells to undergo oogenesis. Although animals subjected to Smed-boule RNAi lose their gametes and become sterile, they continue to lay egg capsules. Production of sterile capsules is even observed in virgin Smed-boule(RNAi) and control planarians maintained in complete isolation, demonstrating that egg production in S. mediterranea occurs independently of ovulation, fertilization, or mating. Evidence suggests that this is a conserved feature amongst Platyhelminthes, and therefore relevant to the pathology and dissemination of parasitic flatworms. These findings demonstrate that Smed-boule functions at different stages during male and female germline stem cell development, and also demonstrate that egg capsule production by planarian flatworms occurs independently of signals produced by mating or ova.}, isbn = {1553-73901553-7404}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4858218/}, author = {Steiner, Jessica Kathryne and Tasaki, Junichi and Rouhana, Labib}, editor = {Hawley, R Scott} } @booklet {1550, title = {HOX gene complement and expression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {2016//}, pages = {1 - 11}, abstract = {Freshwater planarians are well known for their regenerative abilities. Less well known is how planarians maintain spatial patterning in long-lived adult animals or how they re-pattern tissues during regeneration. HOX genes are good candidates to regulate planarian spatial patterning, yet the full complement or genomic clustering of planarian HOX genes has not yet been described, primarily because only a few have been detectable by in situ hybridization, and none have given morphological phenotypes when knocked down by RNAi.}, isbn = {2041-9139}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13227-016-0044-8}, author = {Currie, Ko W. and Brown, David D. R. and Zhu, Shujun and Xu, ChangJiang and Voisin, Veronique and Bader, Gary D. and Pearson, Bret J.} } @booklet {1547, title = {Micro-computed tomography scan and virtual histological slide data for the land planarian Obama otavioi (Platyhelminthes)}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {2016//}, pages = {1 - 7}, abstract = {

We investigated whether images obtained through X-ray micro-computed tomography (\μCT) can be used in conjunction with traditional methods for morphological studies of soft-bodied land planarians. \μCT is non-invasive and provides true-to-scale three-dimensional imagery at high resolution. We compared \μCT-based images of a recently described land planarian species of Obama otavioi (Platyhelminthes) with those obtained from light microphotography of histological sections, most of which were also digitized at high magnification.

}, isbn = {2047-217X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13742-016-0119-4}, author = {Carbayo, Fernando and Lenihan, Jennifer Winifred} } @article {1682, title = {A new terrestrial planarian species of the genus Marionfyfea (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) found in Europe}, journal = {Journal of Natural HistoryJournal of Natural History}, volume = {50}, year = {2016}, note = {doi: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1208907}, month = {2016/11/09}, pages = {2673 - 2690}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

Small (c.\ 1\ cm long) terrestrial planarians found in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France are described as a new species, Marionfyfea adventor sp. nov. Individuals of the new species have a patchy brown external appearance with small, seemingly random pale blue-ish patches. They have multiple eyes, uniserial around the anterior end, biserial or triserial laterally for a short distance then sparsely uniserial and lateral to the posterior end. The anatomy is characterized by five or six pairs of ventral testes and a single pair of ovaries adjacent to the pharyngeal pouch. The base of each ovary is surrounded by parovarian cells. The penis is of the inverted type with a basal hemispherical seminal vesicle. Two adenodactyls, one ventral, one dorsal, are present in the common antrum. The only other known species of Marionfyfea is recorded only from the Auckland Islands, New Zealand and we assume that the new species has been introduced to Europe.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7AC3D565-0BEB-4B67-8BEC-11A13A70D663ABSTRACTSmall (c.\ 1\ cm long) terrestrial planarians found in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France are described as a new species, Marionfyfea adventor sp. nov. Individuals of the new species have a patchy brown external appearance with small, seemingly random pale blue-ish patches. They have multiple eyes, uniserial around the anterior end, biserial or triserial laterally for a short distance then sparsely uniserial and lateral to the posterior end. The anatomy is characterized by five or six pairs of ventral testes and a single pair of ovaries adjacent to the pharyngeal pouch. The base of each ovary is surrounded by parovarian cells. The penis is of the inverted type with a basal hemispherical seminal vesicle. Two adenodactyls, one ventral, one dorsal, are present in the common antrum. The only other known species of Marionfyfea is recorded only from the Auckland Islands, New Zealand and we assume that the new species has been introduced to Europe.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7AC3D565-0BEB-4B67-8BEC-11A13A70D663

}, isbn = {0022-2933}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1208907}, author = {Jones, Hugh D. and Sluys, Ronald} } @article {ZSC:ZSC12175, title = {Non-destructive imaging to describe a new species of Obama land planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {Zoologica Scripta}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, year = {2016}, pages = {566{\textendash}578}, abstract = {

The land planarians in the genus Obama include the largest species of the Neotropical Geoplaninae. Morphological discrimination of Obama species can be difficult, as many species are morphologically similar and some present asymmetric \– difficult to interpret \– copulatory organs. New techniques are thus welcomed to provide faster species description and identification. Here, we study several specimens of Obama by means of mainly 2D and 3D \μCT-based images obtained through X-ray microcomputed tomography (\μCT) of a paratype, and, complementarily, histological sections of the holotype and a second paratype, which were digitized into virtual slides. Comparison of these images with traditional histological sections and descriptions of the known species of the genus allows us to conclude that our specimens constitute a new species, which we describe here. We further evaluate the phylogenetic placement of the new species using gene fragments from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and the nuclear elongation factor-1\α. Raw and derivative \μCT data and virtual histological sections were deposited in an open repository (GigaDB) and are freely available. This work leads us to conclude that \μCT constitutes a relatively fast, inexpensive non-destructive method that produces results comparable to those of traditional histology, and is thus amenable for describing flatworm species.

}, issn = {1463-6409}, doi = {10.1111/zsc.12175}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12175}, author = {Carbayo, Fernando and Francoy, Tiago M. and Giribet, Gonzalo} } @article {1542, title = {PlanMine {\textendash} a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversity}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/01/04}, pages = {D764 - D773}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

Planarian flatworms are in the midst of a renaissance as a model system for regeneration and stem cells. Besides two well-studied model species, hundreds of species exist worldwide that present a fascinating diversity of regenerative abilities, tissue turnover rates, reproductive strategies and other life history traits. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) aims to accomplish two primary missions: First, to provide an easily accessible platform for sharing, comparing and value-added mining of planarian sequence data. Second, to catalyze the comparative analysis of the phenotypic diversity amongst planarian species. Currently, PlanMine houses transcriptomes independently assembled by our lab and community contributors. Detailed assembly/annotation statistics, a custom-developed BLAST viewer and easy export options enable comparisons at the contig and assembly level. Consistent annotation of all transcriptomes by an automated pipeline, the integration of published gene expression information and inter-relational query tools provide opportunities for mining planarian gene sequences and functions. For inter-species comparisons, we include transcriptomes of, so far, six planarian species, along with images, expert-curated information on their biology and pre-calculated cross-species sequence homologies. PlanMine is based on the popular InterMine system in order to make the rich biology of planarians accessible to the general life sciences research community.

}, isbn = {0305-10481362-4962}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702831/}, author = {Brandl, Holger and Moon, HongKee and Vila-Farr{\'e}, Miquel and Liu, Shang-Yun and Henry, Ian and Rink, Jochen C} } @article {1670, title = {Preference for different prey allows the coexistence of several land planarians in areas of the Atlantic Forest}, year = {2016}, pages = { - }, abstract = {

AbstractLand planarians are recognized as important predators, yet studies on their feeding habits are usually restricted to invasive species. Thus, it is difficult to determine the real ecological role of this group in ecosystems and how their communities are structured. In the present study, we analyzed the diet of six co-occurring Neotropical land planarians and their success in capturing prey, based on experiments in the laboratory, in order to determine how they share resources in the same environment. We also calculated indices of food niche breadth and food niche overlap for land planarians for the first time. The diet of Luteostriata abundans comprises only woodlice and the diets of Obama ficki and Obama ladislavii are composed only of gastropods, while Paraba multicolor and Obama anthropophila feed on both gastropods and other land planarians. An invasive species recently found in Western Europe, Obama nungara, showed the highest food niche breadth, feeding on gastropods, earthworms and planarians. We found the highest niche overlap between O. anthropophila and P. multicolor. The results suggest that land planarians are frequent predators of woodlice and land gastropods in the Neotropical ecozone and thus are important for the maintenance of native ecosystems and for the control of invasive species. The coexistence of several species in the same habitat is possible due to the use of different species as main prey, which reduces interspecific competition.

}, keywords = {Geoplanidae, Levins{\textquoteright} index, Pianka{\textquoteright}s index, Planarian food niches, Platyhelminthes}, isbn = {0944-2006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944200616300216}, author = {Boll, Piter Kehoma and Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria} } @article {1681, title = {Towards a comprehensive, integrative analysis of the diversity of European microplaninid land flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Microplaninae), with the description of two peculiar new species}, journal = {Systematics and BiodiversitySystematics and Biodiversity}, volume = {14}, year = {2016}, note = {doi: 10.1080/14772000.2015.1103323}, month = {2016/01/02}, pages = {9 - 31}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

The present study forms a first and major step towards a comprehensive morphological and molecular analysis of the species diversity of European microplaninid land planarians by presenting a molecular phylogenetic tree on the basis of alignments of the mitochondrial Cox1 gene from 158 specimens as well as a concatenated phylogeny (Cox1 and 18S genes) on the basis of 41 sequences for nine Microplana species included in this study. Genetic distances between and within known and new species were calculated. Combined morphological and molecular results facilitated an integrative delimitation of new species as well as the diagnosis of new populations of already known species. An integrative account is provided of two new and aberrant species from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France. Through the molecular approach a Confirmed Candidate Species was detected among the newly sampled populations. Further we document samples from new localities for five already known species as well as new sites for the Confirmed Candidate Species. The new data considerably expand the European range of several already known species included in the present study. The results of an in-depth study of the taxonomic literature, as well as original material, are documented since this was required for appropriate identification of the new materials. This part of the study resulted in a re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of several nominal species and in the following taxonomic conclusions: Rhynchodemus pyrenaicus is a species of Microplana and not Rhynchodemus; Rhynchodemus attemsi, R. peneckei, and R. henrici should be transferred to the genus Microplana; Microplana attemsi and M. peneckei are not junior synonyms of M. henrici; Microplana styriaca is not a synonym of M. terrestris; Rhynchodemus howesi is not a junior synonym of M. pyrenaica and belongs to the genus Rhynchodemus and not to Microplana; Microplana richardi is not a synonym of M. terrestris. The current diagnosis of the genus Microplana should be amended such that it refers to the situation that the species generally have two small eyes but occasionally may have multiple eyes.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:22B437AA-9D41-4DA0-AE3C-BD8F636CB96DThe present study forms a first and major step towards a comprehensive morphological and molecular analysis of the species diversity of European microplaninid land planarians by presenting a molecular phylogenetic tree on the basis of alignments of the mitochondrial Cox1 gene from 158 specimens as well as a concatenated phylogeny (Cox1 and 18S genes) on the basis of 41 sequences for nine Microplana species included in this study. Genetic distances between and within known and new species were calculated. Combined morphological and molecular results facilitated an integrative delimitation of new species as well as the diagnosis of new populations of already known species. An integrative account is provided of two new and aberrant species from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France. Through the molecular approach a Confirmed Candidate Species was detected among the newly sampled populations. Further we document samples from new localities for five already known species as well as new sites for the Confirmed Candidate Species. The new data considerably expand the European range of several already known species included in the present study. The results of an in-depth study of the taxonomic literature, as well as original material, are documented since this was required for appropriate identification of the new materials. This part of the study resulted in a re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of several nominal species and in the following taxonomic conclusions: Rhynchodemus pyrenaicus is a species of Microplana and not Rhynchodemus; Rhynchodemus attemsi, R. peneckei, and R. henrici should be transferred to the genus Microplana; Microplana attemsi and M. peneckei are not junior synonyms of M. henrici; Microplana styriaca is not a synonym of M. terrestris; Rhynchodemus howesi is not a junior synonym of M. pyrenaica and belongs to the genus Rhynchodemus and not to Microplana; Microplana richardi is not a synonym of M. terrestris. The current diagnosis of the genus Microplana should be amended such that it refers to the situation that the species generally have two small eyes but occasionally may have multiple eyes.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:22B437AA-9D41-4DA0-AE3C-BD8F636CB96D

}, isbn = {1477-2000}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1103323}, author = {Sluys, Ronald and Mateos, Eduardo and Riutort, Marta and {\'A}lvarez-Presas, Marta} } @article {ZOJ:ZOJ12358, title = {The true identity of Obama (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {177}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {5{\textendash}28}, abstract = {

Since 2008 there have been many records in Europe (British Isles, Spain, France, Italy) of a large terrestrial planarian morphologically very similar to the Brazilian species Obama marmorata. Sequences of mitochondrial (Cox1) and nuclear (18S, 28S, ITS-1 and EF) genes from European specimens and some from Brazil indicate that they belong to a species different from that of other specimens also collected in Brazil. Moreover, the phylogenetic results show that they are not sister-species. Histological sections of both Brazilian and European specimens reveal subtle morphological differences between the two species. Obama marmorata is confined to Brazil, and the second, herein described new species, Obama nungara sp. nov., is found in Brazil and Europe. These cryptic species may be syntopic in areas in Brazil. The new species occurs in human-modified environments both in Brazil and in Europe. We also conclude that the specimens from Spain and Argentina identified previously as Obama marmorata belong to the new species.

}, keywords = {BPP, Continenticola, Cox I gene, Geoplana, GMYC, histology, morphology, phylogeny, planarians}, issn = {1096-3642}, doi = {10.1111/zoj.12358}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12358}, author = {Carbayo, Fernando and {\'A}lvarez-Presas, Marta and Jones, Hugh D. and Riutort, Marta} } @article {ZTzootaxa.4092.1.6, title = {Two new species of freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) from South American caves}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4092}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {107{\textendash}121}, abstract = {

The diversity of freshwater triclads in the Neotropical region is considered to be low, but extensive areas of South America remain almost unexplored. Herein we describe two cave-dwelling, new species of Girardia, one from a transition zone of the Cerrado and Caatinga phytophysiognomies and the other from the Cerrado phytophysiognomy. The species from the Cerrado-Caatinga transition is a troglobite, eyeless and whitish; the species from the Cerrado area is possibly a troglophile, since it shows heavily pigmented body and eyes. Each species is easily recognized by a unique combination of features in its external morphology and copulatory apparatus. The two new species of Girardia show a restricted distribution, even the troglophile, and occur in caves without legal protection. Therefore, they must be considered as vulnerable organisms in a conservation context.

}, keywords = {Brazilian savannah, Caatinga, Girardia, new cave-dwelling species, Platyhelminthes, subterranean fauna, Tricladida}, issn = {1175-5334}, url = {http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4092.1.6}, author = {STELLA SOUZA and ANA LAURA MORAIS and MARIA ELINA BICHUETTE and Ana Lael-Zanchet} } @article {1724, title = {Ammonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures}, journal = {Arch Environ Contam Toxicol}, volume = {68}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 May}, pages = {689-95}, abstract = {

Aquatic animals can be exposed to fluctuating concentrations of toxicants. In fact, for some toxicants (i.e., pesticides, ammonia), discontinuous exposure is more environmentally relevant than constant exposure. Responses of aquatic animals to each type of exposure may be different. However, despite the high ecological relevance of behaviour, there is still scarce information on the effects of discontinuous exposure on behaviour. Our study focused on the assessment of unionized ammonia toxicity on the behaviour of a freshwater planarian under continuous exposure (3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery) versus discontinuous exposure (3 pulses of 1 day with 6 days of recovery between pulses = total 3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery). Behaviour was assessed as locomotion activity. Bioassays with continuous and discontinuous exposure were performed with one control and five unionized ammonia concentrations (0.14-0.35 mg N-NH3/L). Unionized ammonia in continuous exposure caused less impact on behaviour than equivalent concentrations provided in a discontinuous exposure. By contrast, continuous exposures caused more impact on survival. The discontinuous exposure may allow detoxification during recovery periods, thus increasing the probability of survival in the next pulse. Under continuous exposure, the mortality threshold could be exceeded, and animals could die in greater proportion during exposure as well as the recovery period. We conclude that behavioural activity was a sensitive endpoint to assess the contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposure and that the response of planarians to discontinuous exposure is different to its response to continuous exposure.

}, keywords = {Ammonia, Animals, Biological Assay, Fresh Water, Lethal Dose 50, Locomotion, planarians, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Chemical}, issn = {1432-0703}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-015-0129-8}, author = {Alonso, Alvaro and Camargo, Julio A} } @article {1708, title = {Anatomical deviation of male organs of land planarians from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with description of two new species of Cratera (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3931}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Mar 11}, pages = {27-40}, abstract = {

Two new land planarian species, collected in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are described. Their external aspect is similar to that of Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013 and Pseudogeoplana theresopolitana (Schirch, 1929), respectively. The analysis of the internal organs, however, revealed they belong to the genus Cratera. The male copulatory organs of one species is very different from any other geoplaninid, for the penis papilla holds a large, distal cavity receiving the ejaculatory duct and, furthermore, the papilla projects vertically downwards from the roof of the male atrium. Thus we consider it as a new species, Cratera cuarassu sp. nov. The second species differs from its congeners in that the dorsal insertion of the penis papilla is anterior to the ventral one, and in that the female atrium is narrowed in the anterior portion. The species was found in the type locality of Pseudogeoplana theresopolitana (Schirch, 1929) and compares well with it in the external features. However, since its internal organs are unknown and the type material of the species is seemingly lost, we describe it as Cratera anamariae Carbayo, sp. nov.

}, keywords = {Animals, Brazil, Genitalia, Male, Male, planarians}, issn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3931.1.2}, author = {Carbayo, Fernando and Almeida, Ana Laura} } @article {1620, title = {Beta-catenin-dependent control of positional information along the AP body axis in planarians involves a teashirt family member}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.018}, author = {Reuter, H. and Marz, M. and Vogg, M. C. and Eccles, D. and Grifol-Boldu, L. and Wehner, D. and Owlarn, S. and Adell, T. and Weidinger, G. and Bartscherer, K.} } @article {1499, title = {Control of Maintenance and Regeneration of Planarian Eyes by ovoPlanarian Eye Regeneration by ovo}, volume = {56}, year = {2015}, note = {10.1167/iovs.15-17458}, month = {2015/11/30}, pages = {7604 - 7610}, abstract = {

Abstract Purpose: Following decapitation, the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea regenerates its head and eyes. The gene ovo is required for eye maintenance and regeneration in response to wounding. In this study, we investigated whether eye regeneration in S. mediterranea could occur absent a wound healing response. Methods: One hundred twenty S. mediterranea were treated with ovo RNA interference (RNAi) or control (unc-22) RNAi by feeding double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Following eye loss, ovo RNAi treatment was halted and replaced with control RNAi treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to monitor ovo expression. Eye functionality was monitored via a phototaxis assay. Photoreceptor neurons were visualized via immunofluorescence staining of arrestin. Results: Treatment with ovo RNAi caused eyes to gradually shrink until they were completely absent. One hundred percent of ovo RNAi-treated planarians lost both eyes within 137 days of treatment onset. ovo RNAi-treated planarians were unable to regenerate eyes in response to decapitation. Upon removal of ovo RNAi, eyes became visible as small pigmented spots in the head within 28 days. The eyes slowly developed, appearing to gain pigmented cells first and then nonpigmented photoreceptors. Phototaxis assays demonstrated functional eye loss and eye restoration. ovo mRNA was significantly decreased following treatment with ovo RNAi and significantly increased following removal of ovo RNAi. Arrestin staining was present in the eyes, optic nerves, and optic chiasm of worms with regenerated eyes but not in eyeless worms. Conclusions: S. mediterranea have the ability to generate functional eyes in the absence of a wound healing response. This ability requires the expression of ovo.

}, isbn = {1552-5783}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17458}, author = {Cross, Samuel D. and Johnson, Adiv A. and Gilles, Benjamin J. and Bachman, Lori A. and Inoue, Takeshi and Agata, Kiyokazu and Marmorstein, Lihua Y. and Marmorstein, Alan D.} } @article {1725, title = {Erratum to: Ammonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures}, journal = {Arch Environ Contam Toxicol}, volume = {69}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Nov}, pages = {596}, issn = {1432-0703}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-015-0186-z}, author = {Alonso, Alvaro and Camargo, Julio A} } @article {1493, title = {Evolutionary Analysis of Mitogenomes from Parasitic and Free-Living Flatworms}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {e0120081}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, CA USA}, abstract = {

Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are useful and relatively accessible sources of molecular data to explore and understand the evolutionary history and relationships of eukaryotic organisms across diverse taxonomic levels. The availability of complete mitogenomes from Platyhelminthes is limited; of the 40 or so published most are from parasitic flatworms (Neodermata). Here, we present the mitogenomes of two free-living flatworms (Tricladida): the complete genome of the freshwater species Crenobia alpina (Planariidae) and a nearly complete genome of the land planarian Obama sp. (Geoplanidae). Moreover, we have reanotated the published mitogenome of the species Dugesia japonica (Dugesiidae). This contribution almost doubles the total number of mtDNAs published for Tricladida, a species-rich group including model organisms and economically important invasive species. We took the opportunity to conduct comparative mitogenomic analyses between available free-living and selected parasitic flatworms in order to gain insights into the putative effect of life cycle on nucleotide composition through mutation and natural selection. Unexpectedly, we did not find any molecular hallmark of a selective relaxation in mitogenomes of parasitic flatworms; on the contrary, three out of the four studied free-living triclad mitogenomes exhibit higher A+T content and selective relaxation levels. Additionally, we provide new and valuable molecular data to develop markers for future phylogenetic studies on planariids and geoplanids.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4368550/}, author = {Sol{\`a}, Eduard and {\'A}lvarez-Presas, Marta and Fr{\'\i}as-L{\'o}pez, Cristina and Littlewood, D Timothy J and Rozas, Julio and Riutort, Marta}, editor = {Escriva, Hector} } @article {1680, title = {The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {470}, year = {2015}, month = {12/01/2015}, pages = {1-16}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {

Brazilian cave diversity, especially of invertebrates, is poorly known. The Bodoquena Plateau, which is located in the Cerrado Biome in central Brazil, has approximately 200 recorded caves with a rich system of subterranean water resources and high troglobitic diversity. Herein we describe a new troglobitic species of Girardia that represents the first obligate cave-dwelling species of the suborder Continenticola in South America. Specimens of the new species, which occur in a limestone cave in the Bodoquena Plateau, in the Cerrado biome, are unpigmented and eyeless. Species recognition in the genus Girardia is difficult, due to their great morphological resemblance. However, the new species can be easily recognized by a unique feature in its copulatory apparatus, namely a large, branched bulbar cavity with multiple diverticula.

}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.470.8728}, author = {de Souza, Stella Teles and Nunes Morais, Ana Laura and Cordeiro , L{\'\i}via Medeiros and Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria} } @article {1664, title = {Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano}, volume = {112}, year = {2015}, month = {2015//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516718112}, author = {Wasik, K. and Gurtowski, J. and Zhou, X. and Ramos, O. M. and Delas, M. J. and Battistoni, G. and Demerdash, O. and Falciatori, I. and Vizoso, D. B. and Smith, A. D. and Ladurner, P. and Scharer, L. and McCombie, W. R. and Hannon, G. J. and Schatz, M.} } @article {1496, title = {The invasive land planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/06/23}, pages = {e1037}, abstract = {

The land planarian Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 or \“New Guinea flatworm\” is a highly invasive species, mainly in the Pacific area, and recently in Europe (France). We report specimens from six additional countries and territories: New Caledonia (including mainland and two of the Loyalty Islands, Lifou and Mar\é), Wallis and Futuna Islands, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Puerto Rico, and Florida, USA. We analysed the COI gene (barcoding) in these specimens with two sets of primers and obtained 909 bp long sequences. In addition, specimens collected in Townsville (Australia) were also sequenced. Two haplotypes of the COI sequence, differing by 3.7\%, were detected: the \“World haplotype\” found in France, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Singapore, Florida and Puerto Rico; and the \“Australian haplotype\” found in Australia. The only locality with both haplotypes was in the Solomon Islands. The country of origin of Platydemus manokwari is New Guinea, and Australia and the Solomon Islands are the countries closest to New Guinea from which we had specimens. These results suggest that two haplotypes exist in the area of origin of the species, but that only one of the two haplotypes (the \“World haplotype\”) has, through human agency, been widely dispersed. However, since P. manokwari is now recorded from 22 countries in the world and we have genetic information from only 8 of these, with none from New Guinea, this analysis provides only partial knowledge of the genetic structure of the invasive species. Morphological analysis of specimens from both haplotypes has shown some differences in ratio of the genital structures but did not allow us to interpret the haplotypes as different species. The new reports from Florida and Puerto Rico are firsts for the USA, for the American continent, and the Caribbean. P. manokwari is a known threat for endemic terrestrial molluscs and its presence is a matter of concern. While most of the infected territories reported until now were islands, the newly reported presence of the species in mainland US in Florida should be considered a potential major threat to the whole US and even the Americas.

}, keywords = {Alien species, Flatworm, French Polynesia, Invasive species, Land planarian, New Caledonia, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Solomon Island, USA}, isbn = {2167-8359}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1037}, author = {Justine,Jean-Lou and Winsor,Leigh and Barri{\`e}re,Patrick and Fanai,Crispus and Gey,Delphine and Han,Andrew Wee Kien and La Quay-Vel{\'a}zquez,Giomara and Lee,Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann and Lefevre,Jean-Marc and Meyer,Jean-Yves and Philippart,David and Robinson,David G. and Th{\'e}venot,Jessica and Tsatsia,Francis}, editor = {Buckley,Hannah} } @article {1596, title = {A mex3 homolog is required for differentiation during planarian stem cell lineage development}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {2015//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07025}, author = {Zhu, S. J. and Hallows, S. E. and Currie, K. W. and Xu, C. and Pearson, B. J.} } @article {1561, title = {The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties}, volume = {524}, year = {2015}, month = {2015//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14668}, author = {Albertin, C. B. and Simakov, O. and Mitros, T. and Wang, Z. Y. and Pungor, J. R. and Edsinger-Gonzales, E. and Brenner, S. and Ragsdale, C. W. and Rokhsar, D. S.} } @article {1628, title = {The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea as a model for studying motile cilia and multiciliated cells}, volume = {127}, year = {2015}, month = {2015//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.009}, author = {Basquin, C. and Orfila, A. M. and Azimzadeh, J.} } @booklet {1500, title = {Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple stimuli by integrative brain function}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {2015//}, pages = {1 - 15}, abstract = {Planarians belong to an evolutionarily early group of organisms that possess a central nervous system including a well-organized brain with a simple architecture but many types of neurons. Planarians display a number of behaviors, such as phototaxis and thermotaxis, in response to external stimuli, and it has been shown that various molecules and neural pathways in the brain are involved in controlling these behaviors. However, due to the lack of combinatorial assay methods, it remains obscure whether planarians possess higher brain functions, including integration in the brain, in which multiple signals coming from outside are coordinated and used in determining behavioral strategies.}, isbn = {2056-306X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40851-014-0010-z}, author = {Inoue, Takeshi and Hoshino, Hajime and Yamashita, Taiga and Shimoyama, Seira and Agata, Kiyokazu} } @article {1498, title = {Planarians: an In Vivo Model for Regenerative Medicine}, journal = {International Journal of Stem Cells}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/11/}, pages = {128 - 133}, publisher = {Korean Society for Stem Cell Research}, abstract = {

The emergence of regenerative medicine has raised the hope of treating an extraordinary range of disease and serious injuries. Understanding the processes of cell proliferation, differentiation and pattern formation in regenerative organisms could help find ways to enhance the poor regenerative abilities shown by many other animals, including humans. Recently, planarians have emerged as an attractive model in which to study regeneration. These animals are considering as in vivo plate, during which we can study the behavior and characristics of stem cells in their own niche. A variety of characteristic such as: simplicity, easy to manipulate experimentally, the existence of more than 100 years of literature, makes these animals an extraordinary model for regenerative medicine researches. Among planarians free-living freshwater hermaphrodite Schmidtea mediterranea has emerged as a suitable model system because it displays robust regenerative properties and, unlike most other planarians, it is a stable diploid with a genome size of about 4.8\×10(8) base pairs, nearly half that of other common planarians. Planarian regeneration involves two highly flexible systems: pluripotent neoblasts that can generate any new cell type and muscle cells that provide positional instructions for the regeneration of anybody region. neoblasts represent roughly 25~30 percent of all planarian cells and are scattered broadly through the parenchyma, being absent only from the animal head tips and the pharynx. Two models for neo-blast specification have been proposed; the naive model posits that all neoblasts are stem cells with the same potential and are a largely homogeneous population.

}, isbn = {2005-36062005-5447}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4651277/}, author = {Karami, Ali and Tebyanian, Hamid and Goodarzi, Vahabodin and Shiri, Sajad} } @article {1593, title = {SmedGD 2.0: The Schmidtea mediterranea genome database}, volume = {53}, year = {2015}, month = {2015//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.22872}, author = {Robb, S. M. and Gotting, K. and Ross, E. and Alvarado, A. S.} } @article {1663, title = {Stem cells and fluid flow drive cyst formation in an invertebrate excretory organ}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {2015//}, author = {Thi-KimVu, H. and Rink, J. C. and McKinney, S. A. and McClain, M. and Lakshmanaperumal, N. and Alexander, R. and SanchezAlvarado, A.} } @article {1492, title = {The taxonomic status of Dugesia biblica from Israel and Turkey (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {1 - 12}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {

The taxonomic status of Dugesia biblica (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Israel and Turkey is problematic due to its morphological similarity with Dugesia sicula since these nominal species present overlapping characters. In this study we analyzed histological preparations of specimens of these two nominal species and also compared mitochondrial COI gene sequences from Israeli populations to the already known haplotype composition of Dugesia sicula. We concluded that these animals belong to the same species and therefore we consider Dugesia biblica to be a junior synonym of Dugesia sicula. This implies that the distribution range of Dugesia sicula is even wider than previously thought, and that the species is present all around the Mediterranean Basin and on many of its islands.

}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467178/}, author = {Sol{\`a}, Eduard and Sluys, Ronald and Segev, Ori and Blaustein, Leon and Riutort, Marta} } @article {1494, title = {A Transcriptomic-Phylogenomic Analysis of the Evolutionary Relationships of Flatworms}, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/05/18}, pages = {1347 - 1353}, publisher = {Cell Press}, abstract = {

The interrelationships of the flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are poorly resolved despite decades of morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies []. The earliest-branching clades (Catenulida, Macrostomorpha, and Polycladida) share spiral cleavage and entolecithal eggs with other lophotrochozoans. Lecithoepitheliata have primitive spiral cleavage but derived ectolecithal eggs. Other orders (Rhabdocoela, Proseriata, Tricladida and relatives, and Bothrioplanida) all have derived ectolecithal eggs but have uncertain affinities to one another. The orders of parasitic Neodermata emerge from an uncertain position from within these ectolecithal classes. To tackle these problems, we have sequenced transcriptomes from 18 flatworms and 5 other metazoan groups. The addition of published data produces an alignment of \>107,000 amino acids with less than 28\% missing data from 27 flatworm taxa in 11 orders covering all major clades. Our phylogenetic analyses show that Platyhelminthes consist of the two clades Catenulida and Rhabditophora. Within Rhabditophora, we show the earliest-emerging branch is Macrostomorpha, not Polycladida. We show Lecithoepitheliata are not members of Neoophora but are sister group of Polycladida, implying independent origins of the ectolecithal eggs found in Lecithoepitheliata and Neoophora. We resolve Rhabdocoela as the most basally branching euneoophoran taxon. Tricladida, Bothrioplanida, and Neodermata constitute a group that appears to have lost both spiral cleavage and centrosomes. We identify Bothrioplanida as the long-sought closest free-living sister group of the parasitic Neodermata. Among parasitic orders, we show that Cestoda are closer to Trematoda than to\ Monogenea, rejecting the concept of the Cercomeromorpha. Our results have important implications for understanding the evolution of this major phylum.

}, isbn = {0960-98221879-0445}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446793/}, author = {Egger, Bernhard and Lapraz, Fran{\c c}ois and Tomiczek, Bart{\l}omiej and M{\"u}ller, Steven and Dessimoz, Christophe and Girstmair, Johannes and {\v S}kunca, Nives and Rawlinson, Kate~A and Cameron, Christopher~B and Beli, Elena and Todaro, M~Antonio and Gammoudi, Mehrez and Nore{\~n}a, Carolina and Telford, Maximilian~J} } @article {1497, title = {Two new Geoplaninae species (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from Southern Brazil based on an integrative taxonomic approach}, journal = {Journal of Natural HistoryJournal of Natural History}, year = {2015}, note = {doi: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1084057}, month = {2015/10/29}, pages = {1 - 29}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

The genera Cratera Carbayo et al., 2013 and Obama Carbayo et al., 2013, belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae, were recently proposed to encompass some of the species that belonged to the genus Geoplana Stimpson, 1857. Herein we describe two new species of Geoplaninae, occurring in areas of ombrophilous forest which belong to the southern portion of the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. The species are sympatric in their type-locality. In general, both new species herein described match the diagnostic characteristics of their genera. However, some of these features are noteworthy when characters of the new species are taken into consideration, especially the pattern of the sensory pits and the morphology of the prostatic vesicle. Both species are differentiated from their congeners by a combination of morphological characteristics, corroborated by phylogenetic analyses of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, as well as the Automatic Barcode Gap tool.

}, isbn = {0022-2933}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1084057}, author = {Rossi, Ilana and Amaral, Silvana Vargas and Ribeiro, Giovana Gamino and Cauduro, Guilherme Pinto and Fick, Israel and Valiati, Victor Hugo and Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria} } @article {1538, title = {Unusually Large Number of Mutations in Asexually Reproducing Clonal Planarian Dugesia japonica}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {e0143525}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, CA USA}, abstract = {

We established a laboratory clonal strain of freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica) that was derived from a single individual and that continued to undergo autotomous asexual reproduction for more than 20 years, and we performed large-scale genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis on it. Despite the fact that a completely clonal strain of the planarian was used, an unusually large number of mutations were detected. To enable quantitative genetic analysis of such a unique organism, we developed a new model called the Reference Gene Model, and used it to conduct large-scale transcriptome analysis. The results revealed large numbers of mutations not only outside but also inside gene-coding regions. Non-synonymous SNPs were detected in 74\% of the genes for which valid ORFs were predicted. Interestingly, the high-mutation genes, such as metabolism- and defense-related genes, were correlated with genes that were previously identified as diverse genes among different planarian species. Although a large number of amino acid substitutions were apparently accumulated during asexual reproduction over this long period of time, the planarian maintained normal body-shape, behaviors, and physiological functions. The results of the present study reveal a unique aspect of asexual reproduction.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4654569/}, author = {Nishimura, Osamu and Hosoda, Kazutaka and Kawaguchi, Eri and Yazawa, Shigenobu and Hayashi, Tetsutaro and Inoue, Takeshi and Umesono, Yoshihiko and Agata, Kiyokazu}, editor = {Fu, Binying} } @article {1868, title = {Article I. A list of publications on Japanese "Turbellarians" (2013) including titles of publications on foreign "turbellarians" written by the Japanese authors}, year = {2014}, pages = {Kawakatsu{\textquoteright}s Web Library on Planarians}, url = {http://riverwin.jp/pl/m14_2/K14I\%20.pdf}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Eudoxia Maria Froehlich and Hugh D. Jones and Miyuki Kawakatsu and Tetsuya Kawakatsu} } @article {1624, title = {Centriole amplification by mother and daughter centrioles differs in multiciliated cells}, volume = {516}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, author = {Al Jord, A. and Lemaitre, A. I. and Delgehyr, N. and Faucourt, M. and Spassky, N. and Meunier, A.} } @article {1647, title = {The centrosome duplication cycle in health and disease}, volume = {588}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.030}, author = {Nigg, E. A. and Cajanek, L. and Arquint, C.} } @article {1696, title = {Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {e100718}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, USA}, abstract = {

The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) is known from a diverse array of taxa, but is unknown in terrestrial invertebrates. Tetrodotoxin is a low molecular weight compound that acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, inducing paralysis. However, the origins and ecological functions of TTX in most taxa remain mysterious. Here, we show that TTX is present in two species of terrestrial flatworm (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) using a competitive inhibition enzymatic immunoassay to quantify the toxin and high phase liquid chromatography to confirm the presence. We also investigated the distribution of TTX throughout the bodies of the flatworms and provide evidence suggesting that TTX is used during predation to subdue large prey items. We also show that the egg capsules of B. adventitium have TTX, indicating a further role in defense. These data suggest a potential route for TTX bioaccumulation in terrestrial systems.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070999/}, author = {Stokes, Amber N and Ducey, Peter K and Neuman-Lee, Lorin and Hanifin, Charles T and French, Susannah S and Pfrender, Michael E and Brodie, Edmund D and Brodie Jr, Edmund D}, editor = {Dickens, Joseph Clifton} } @article {1602, title = {edgeR for differential RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analysis: an application to stem cell biology}, volume = {1150}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0512-6_3}, author = {Nikolayeva, O. and Robinson, M. D.} } @article {1643, title = {Fluorescent sperm in a transparent worm: validation of a GFP marker to study sexual selection}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-148}, author = {Marie-Orleach, L. and Janicke, T. and Vizoso, D. B. and Eichmann, M. and Scharer, L.} } @article {1703, title = {Genes for regeneration}, journal = {eLife}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/04/15}, pages = {e02517}, publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd}, abstract = {FoxA, an evolutionarily conserved gene involved in the development of the digestive system in many animals, has an important role in regeneration in flatworms.}, keywords = {Pharynx, planaria, regeneration, single-organ regeneration, stem cell}, isbn = {2050-084X}, url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02517}, author = {Rossant, Janet} } @article {1495, title = {Investigation of the ultrastructure of Dendrocoelum constrictum (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) spermatogenesis and mature spermatozoa}, volume = {337}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/9//}, pages = {513 - 520}, abstract = {

To add to our understanding of dendrocoelid spermatozoa and to describe additional phylogenetic characters, the ultrastructure of the testis was investigated in the subterranean freshwater planarian Dendrocoelum constrictum. This is the first study investigating spermatogenesis and spermatozoon ultrastructure in a subterranean freshwater planarian species. We found that the basic structure of spermatozoa in D.\ constrictum is similar to that of other Tricladida that have been studied previously. In fact, D.\ constrictum spermatozoa possess an elongated nucleus, one giant mitochondrion, and two subterminal flagella with a 9 + \‘1\’ pattern. The flagella emerge together from one side of the spermatozoon. However, D.\ constrictum has some characteristics that have not yet been described for other freshwater planarians. In fact, the number of cortical microtubules reaches the maximum number in the anterior and middle part of region I, and then decrease until they disappear towards the posterior extremity of the spermatozoon. The extreme tip of the anterior region of the spermatozoon exhibits a specific external ornamentation of the plasma membrane.

}, keywords = {Dendrocoelum constrictum, Free-living flatworm, Mature spermatozoon, Spermatogenesis, Ultrastructure}, isbn = {1631-0691}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069114001632}, author = {Harrath, Abdel Halim and Gammoudi, Mehrez and Mansour, Lamjed and Ahmed, Mukhtar and Sirotkin, Alexander V. and Al Omar, Suliman Y. and Ibrahim, Khalid E. and Alwasel, Saleh H.} } @article {1630, title = {Multiciliated cells}, volume = {24}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.047}, author = {Brooks, E. R. and Wallingford, J. B.} } @article {1642, title = {Multicilin drives centriole biogenesis via E2f proteins}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.243832.114}, author = {Ma, L. and Quigley, I. and Omran, H. and Kintner, C.} } @article {1723, title = {Predator effects on a detritus-based food web are primarily mediated by non-trophic interactions}, journal = {J Anim Ecol}, volume = {83}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Jul}, pages = {953-62}, abstract = {

Predator effects on ecosystems can extend far beyond their prey and are often not solely lethally transmitted. Change in prey traits in response to predation risk can have important repercussions on community assembly and key ecosystem processes (i.e. trait-mediated indirect effects). In addition, some predators themselves alter habitat structure or nutrient cycling through ecological engineering effects. Tracking these non-trophic pathways is thus an important, yet challenging task to gain a better grasp of the functional role of predators. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that, in detritus-based food webs, non-trophic interactions may prevail over purely trophic interactions in determining predator effects on plant litter decomposition. This hypothesis was tested in a headwater stream by modulating the density of a flatworm predator (Polycelis felina) in enclosures containing oak (Quercus robur) leaf litter exposed to natural colonization by small invertebrates and microbial decomposers. Causal path modelling was used to infer how predator effects propagated through the food web. Flatworms accelerated litter decomposition through positive effects on microbial decomposers. The biomass of prey and non-prey invertebrates was not negatively affected by flatworms, suggesting that net predator effect on litter decomposition was primarily determined by non-trophic interactions. Flatworms enhanced the deposition and retention of fine sediments on leaf surface, thereby improving leaf colonization by invertebrates - most of which having strong affinities with interstitial habitats. This predator-induced improvement of habitat availability was attributed to the sticky nature of the mucus that flatworms secrete in copious amount while foraging. Results of path analyses further indicated that this bottom-up ecological engineering effect was as powerful as the top-down effect on invertebrate prey. Our findings suggest that predators have the potential to affect substantially carbon flow and nutrient cycling in detritus-based ecosystems and that this impact cannot be fully appreciated without considering non-trophic effects.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biomass, Carbon Cycle, Food Chain, Geologic Sediments, Models, Biological, planarians, Plant Leaves, Predatory Behavior, Quercus, Rivers}, issn = {1365-2656}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12189}, author = {Majdi, Nabil and Boich{\'e}, Anatole and Traunspurger, Walter and Lecerf, Antoine} } @article {1617, title = {Selective amputation of the pharynx identifies a FoxA-dependent regeneration program in planaria}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, author = {Adler, C. E. and Seidel, C. W. and McKinney, S. A. and Alvarado, A. S.} } @article {1588, title = {Single-cell analysis reveals functionally distinct classes within the planarian stem cell compartment}, volume = {15}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2014.06.007}, author = {Wolfswinkel, J. C. and Wagner, D. E. and Reddien, P. W.} } @article {1507, title = {Thermosensory signaling by TRPM is processed by brain serotonergic neurons to produce planarian thermotaxis}, volume = {34}, year = {2014}, month = {2014//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5379-13.2014}, author = {Inoue, T. and Yamashita, T. and Agata, K.} } @article {1766, title = {Triploid planarian reproduces truly bisexually with euploid gametes produced through a different meiotic system between sex.}, journal = {Chromosoma}, volume = {123}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Jun}, pages = {265-72}, abstract = {

Although polyploids are common among plants and some animals, polyploidization often causes reproductive failure. Triploids, in particular, are characterized by the problems of chromosomal pairing and segregation during meiosis, which may cause aneuploid gametes and results in sterility. Thus, they are generally considered to reproduce only asexually. In the case of the Platyhelminthes Dugesia ryukyuensis, populations with triploid karyotypes are normally found in nature as both fissiparous and oviparous triploids. Fissiparous triploids can also be experimentally sexualized if they are fed sexual planarians, developing both gonads and other reproductive organs. Fully sexualized worms begin reproducing by copulation rather than fission. In this study, we examined the genotypes of the offspring obtained by breeding sexualized triploids and found that the offspring inherited genes from both parents, i.e., they reproduced truly bisexually. Furthermore, meiotic chromosome behavior in triploid sexualized planarians differed significantly between male and female germ lines, in that female germ line cells remained triploid until prophase I, whereas male germ line cells appeared to become diploid before entry into meiosis. Oocytes at the late diplotene stage contained not only paired bivalents but also unpaired univalents that were suggested to produce diploid eggs if they remained in subsequent processes. Triploid planarians may therefore form euploid gametes by different meiotic systems in female and male germ lines and thus are be able to reproduce sexually in contrast to many other triploid organisms.

}, keywords = {Animals, Chromosomes, Female, Germ Cells, Male, Meiosis, planarians, reproduction, Triploidy}, issn = {1432-0886}, doi = {10.1007/s00412-013-0449-2}, author = {Chinone, Ayako and Nodono, Hanae and Matsumoto, Midori} } @article {1655, title = {Analysis of ciliary assembly and function in planaria}, volume = {525}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397944-5.00012-2}, author = {Rompolas, P. and Azimzadeh, J. and Marshall, W. F. and King, S. M.} } @article {1532, title = {An automated training paradigm reveals long-term memory in planarians and its persistence through head regeneration}, volume = {216}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.087809}, author = {Shomrat, T. and Levin, M.} } @article {1722, title = {Behavioral, morphological and histopathological effects of sublethal doses of quercetin on the species Polycelis felina (Dalyell)}, journal = {Folia Biol (Krakow)}, volume = {61}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {101-6}, abstract = {

The effect of quercetin was studied on the multi-eyed flatworm Polycelis felina (Daly.) in laboratory conditions. This is a very suitable test-organism available year-round in nature, easily maintained in the laboratory. The results showed that depending on the dose and recovery period quercetin caused locomotory (behavioral) changes in treated animals including aggregation in groups, resting and unsynchronized movements and twisting of particular body parts. Morphological changes in the form of depigmentation of certain body parts were the result of damage or deterioration ofreticular and parenchymal cells. Numerous basophilic bodies representing parts of damaged and decomposed cells were determined in the gastroderm between the third and seventh day after treatment. All histological preparations revealed significant deterioration of cellular material, and therefore a damaging effect of quercetin on the multi-eyed flatworm Polycelis felina (Daly.). We found an increased number of neoblasts and reticular cells on the third day after treatment, so we concluded that quercetin in the applied doses had a stimulating effect on cell division of neoblasts and reticular cells of treated flatworms.

}, keywords = {Animals, Behavior, Animal, Motor Activity, Platyhelminths, Quercetin}, issn = {0015-5497}, author = {Rajevi{\'c}, Nives and Matkovi{\'c}, Helena and Gregorovi{\'c}, Gordana and Kovacevi{\'c}, Goran and Knezovi{\'c}, Lejla and Kalafati{\'c}, Mirjana} } @article {1665, title = {The Cep63 paralogue Deup1 enables massive de novo centriole biogenesis for vertebrate multiciliogenesis}, volume = {15}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2880}, author = {Zhao, H. and Zhu, L. and Zhu, Y. and Cao, J. and Li, S. and Huang, Q. and Xu, T. and Huang, X. and Yan, X. and Zhu, X.} } @article {1533, title = {Cue competition effects in the planarian}, volume = {16}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0561-3}, author = {Prados, J. and Alvarez, B. and Howarth, J. and Stewart, K. and Gibson, C. L. and Hutchinson, C. V.} } @article {1556, title = {Evolution of homeobox genes}, volume = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wdev.78}, author = {Holland, P. W.} } @article {1567, title = {The genome of the hydatid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus}, volume = {45}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.2757}, author = {Zheng, H. and Zhang, W. and Zhang, L. and Zhang, Z. and Li, J. and Lu, G. and Zhu, Y. and Wang, Y. and Huang, Y. and Liu, J.} } @article {1573, title = {Hox genes and region-specific sensorimotor circuit formation in the hindbrain and spinal cord}, volume = {242}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.24055}, author = {Bonito, M. and Glover, J. C. and Studer, M.} } @article {1601, title = {In situ hybridization protocol for enhanced detection of gene expression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea}, volume = {13}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-13-8}, author = {King, R. S. and Newmark, P. A.} } @article {1598, title = {MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability}, volume = {30}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010}, author = {Katoh, K. and Standley, D. M.} } @article {1589, title = {Muscle cells provide instructions for planarian regeneration}, volume = {4}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.022}, author = {Witchley, J. N. and Mayer, M. and Wagner, D. E. and Owen, J. H. and Reddien, P. W.} } @article {1521, title = {RNA interference by feeding in vitro-synthesized double-stranded RNA to planarians: methodology and dynamics}, volume = {242}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.23950}, author = {Rouhana, L. and Weiss, J. A. and Forsthoefel, D. J. and Lee, H. and King, R. S. and Inoue, T.} } @article {1651, title = {Stem cell systems and regeneration in planaria}, volume = {223}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-012-0426-4}, author = {Rink, J. C.} } @article {1592, title = {Transcription factors lhx1/5-1 and pitx are required for the maintenance and regeneration of serotonergic neurons in planarians}, volume = {140}, year = {2013}, month = {2013//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.098590}, author = {Currie, K. W. and Pearson, B. J.} } @article {1627, title = {Centrosome loss in the evolution of planarians}, volume = {335}, year = {2012}, month = {2012//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1214457}, author = {Azimzadeh, J. and Wong, M. L. and Downhour, D. M. and Sanchez Alvarado, A. and Marshall, W. F.} } @article {1594, title = {A comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals conserved features of stem cell pluripotency in planarians and mammals}, volume = {30}, year = {2012}, month = {2012//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.1144}, author = {Labbe, R. M. and Irimia, M. and Currie, K. W. and Lin, A. and Zhu, S. J. and Brown, D. D. and Ross, E. J. and Voisin, V. and Bader, G. D. and Blencowe, B. J.} } @article {1520, title = {Comprehensive gene expression analyses in pluripotent stem cells of a planarian, Dugesia japonica}, volume = {56}, year = {2012}, month = {2012//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.113434ns}, author = {Shibata, N. and Hayashi, T. and Fukumura, R. and Fujii, J. and Kudome-Takamatsu, T. and Nishimura, O.} } @article {1641, title = {Coordinated ciliary beating requires Odf2-mediated polarization of basal bodies via basal feet}, volume = {148}, year = {2012}, month = {2012//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.052}, author = {Kunimoto, K. and Yamazaki, Y. and Nishida, T. and Shinohara, K. and Ishikawa, H. and Hasegawa, T. and Okanoue, T. and Hamada, H. and Noda, T. and Tamura, A. and Tsukita, S.} } @article {1692, title = {First report of the exotic blue land planarian, Caenoplana coerulea (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae), on Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {91 - 105}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {

In April 2009 two specimens of a terrestrial flatworm were collected from under a rock in an orchard at Ciutadella de Menorca on the easternmost Balearic island of Menorca (Spain). Their external morphology suggested that both specimens belonged to the invasive blue planarian Caenoplana coerulea, a species which is native to eastern Australia. Sequence data of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the entire 18S ribosomal RNA confirm its identification. This is one of the first records of the species in Europe where it has only been found in one locality in the United Kingdom, France and NE Spain.

}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368283/}, author = {Breugelmans, Karin and Cardona, Josep Quintana and Artois, Tom and Jordaens, Kurt and Backeljau, Thierry} } @booklet {1669, title = {Stem cell systems and regeneration in planaria}, volume = {223}, year = {2012}, month = {2012//}, pages = {67 - 84}, abstract = {Planarians are members of the Platyhelminthes (flatworms). These animals have evolved a remarkable stem cell system. A single pluripotent adult stem cell type ({\textquotedblleft}neoblast{\textquotedblright}) gives rise to the entire range of cell types and organs in the planarian body plan, including a brain, digestive-, excretory-, sensory- and reproductive systems. Neoblasts are abundantly present throughout the mesenchyme and divide continuously. The resulting stream of progenitors and turnover of differentiated cells drive the rapid self-renewal of the entire animal within a matter of weeks. Planarians grow and literally de-grow ({\textquotedblleft}shrink{\textquotedblright}) by the food supply-dependent adjustment of organismal turnover rates, scaling body plan proportions over as much as a 50-fold size range. Their dynamic body architecture further allows astonishing regenerative abilities, including the regeneration of complete and perfectly proportioned animals even from tiny tissue remnants. Planarians as an experimental system, therefore, provide unique opportunities for addressing a spectrum of current problems in stem cell research, including the evolutionary conservation of pluripotency, the dynamic organization of differentiation lineages and the mechanisms underlying organismal stem cell homeostasis. The first part of this review focuses on the molecular biology of neoblasts as pluripotent stem cells. The second part examines the fascinating mechanistic and conceptual challenges posed by a stem cell system that epitomizes a universal design principle of biological systems: the dynamic steady state.}, isbn = {1432-041X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-012-0426-4}, author = {Rink, Jochen C.} } @article {1640, title = {Boule-like genes regulate male and female gametogenesis in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano}, volume = {357}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.030}, author = {Kuales, G. and Mulder, K. and Glashauser, J. and Salvenmoser, W. and Takashima, S. and Hartenstein, V. and Berezikov, E. and Salzburger, W. and Ladurner, P.} } @article {1625, title = {Dishevelled is essential for neural connectivity and planar cell polarity in planarians}, volume = {108}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012090108}, author = {Almuedo-Castillo, M. and Salo, E. and Adell, T.} } @article {1581, title = {Evolutionary implications of morphogenesis and molecular patterning of the blind gut in the planarian Schmidtea polychroa}, volume = {352}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.032}, author = {Martin-Duran, J. M. and Romero, R.} } @article {1721, title = {The freshwater planarian Polycelis felina as a sensitive species to assess the long-term toxicity of ammonia}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {84}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Jul}, pages = {533-7}, abstract = {

Behavioural endpoints are a good link between physiological and ecological effects. However long-term behavioural endpoints are not uniformly studied over all different organism groups. For example behaviour has been scarcely studied in planarians. Unionized ammonia (NH(3)) is one of the most widespread pollutants in developed countries, and is known to alter animal behaviour. In this study a long-term (30 d) bioassay was conducted to assess the effect of this pollutant on survival and behavioural activity (e.g. locomotion activity) of the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina. One control and three environmentally-realistic concentrations of unionized ammonia (treatments of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.09 mg N-NH(3) L(-1)) were used in quintuplicate. The behaviour of planarians was measured after 0, 10, 20 and 30 d of ammonia exposure. Mortality was recorded every 2 d. Unionized ammonia increased mortality in the two highest NH(3) concentrations and the locomotory activity was depressed in all treatments after 20 d of exposure. Behavioural effect was observed at concentrations 20 times lower than the short-term LC50 for this species. Previous studies proposed safe concentrations of unionized ammonia of 0.01-0.10 mg N-NH(3) L(-1) to aquatic ecosystems, but our study has shown that these concentrations will affect planarians. Because planarians play a key role in streams (as predator/scavenger), safe concentrations should be below 0.02 mg N-NH(3) L(-1) to protect this species in the freshwater community. Our results can contribute to improve the knowledge about ammonia toxicity to freshwater ecosystems, we recommend that safe concentrations of unionized ammonia should be based on very sensitive species.

}, keywords = {Ammonia, Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water, planarians, Water Pollutants, Chemical}, issn = {1879-1298}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.030}, author = {Alonso, Alvaro and Camargo, Julio A} } @article {1595, title = {The head-regeneration transcriptome of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea}, volume = {12}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-r76}, author = {Sandmann, T. and Vogg, M. C. and Owlarn, S. and Boutros, M. and Bartscherer, K.} } @article {1558, title = {Hox collinearity{\textemdash}a new perspective}, volume = {55}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.113358ad}, author = {Durston, A. J. and Jansen, H. J. and Rieden, P. I. and Hooiveld, M. H.} } @article {1653, title = {The maintenance and regeneration of the planarian excretory system are regulated by EGFR signaling}, volume = {138}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.066852}, author = {Rink, J. C. and Vu, H. T. and Sanchez Alvarado, A.} } @article {1660, title = {A primary microcephaly protein complex forms a ring around parental centrioles}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.971}, author = {Sir, J. H. and Barr, A. R. and Nicholas, A. K. and Carvalho, O. P. and Khurshid, M. and Sossick, A. and Reichelt, S. and D{\textquoteright}Santos, C. and Woods, C. G. and Gergely, F.} } @article {1504, title = {Regeneration in an evolutionarily primitive brain{\textendash}the planarian Dugesia japonica model}, volume = {34}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07819.x}, author = {Umesono, Y. and Tasaki, J. and Nishimura, K. and Inoue, T. and Agata, K.} } @article {1659, title = {A regulatory program for excretory system regeneration in planarians}, volume = {138}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.068098}, author = {Scimone, M. L. and Srivastava, M. and Bell, G. W. and Reddien, P. W.} } @article {1535, title = {The repertoire of G protein-coupled receptors in the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni and the model organism Schmidtea mediterranea}, volume = {12}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-596}, author = {Zamanian, M. and Kimber, M. J. and McVeigh, P. and Carlson, S. A. and Maule, A. G. and Day, T. A.} } @article {1599, title = {Two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization in the embryonic zebrafish brain using differential detection systems}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, month = {2011//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-11-43}, author = {Lauter, G. and Soll, I. and Hauptmann, G.} } @article {1537, title = {Analysis of motor function modulated by cholinergic neurons in planarian Dugesia japonica}, volume = {168}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.038}, author = {Nishimura, K. and Kitamura, Y. and Taniguchi, T. and Agata, K.} } @article {1603, title = {edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data}, volume = {26}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616}, author = {Robinson, M. D. and McCarthy, D. J. and Smyth, G. K.} } @article {1572, title = {Epigenetic control of Hox genes during neurogenesis, development, and disease}, volume = {192}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2010.07.009}, author = {Barber, B. A. and Rastegar, M.} } @article {1587, title = {Germ layer specification and axial patterning in the embryonic development of the freshwater planarian Schmidtea polychroa}, volume = {340}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.018}, author = {Martin-Duran, J. M. and Amaya, E. and Romero, R.} } @article {1562, title = {Hox genes and regional patterning of the vertebrate body plan}, volume = {344}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.024}, author = {Mallo, M. and Wellik, D. M. and Deschamps, J.} } @article {1656, title = {An outer arm Dynein conformational switch is required for metachronal synchrony of motile cilia in planaria}, volume = {21}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E10-04-0373}, author = {Rompolas, P. and Patel-King, R. S. and King, S. M.} } @article {1576, title = {A planarian p53 homolog regulates proliferation and self-renewal in adult stem cell lineages}, volume = {137}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.044297}, author = {Pearson, B. J. and Alvarado, A. S.} } @article {1633, title = {Replication of basal bodies during ciliogenesis in the epidermis of Prolecithophora and Lecithoepitheliata (Plathelminthes)}, volume = {140}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, author = {Drobysheva, I. M.} } @article {1619, title = {The TALE class homeobox gene Smed-prep defines the anterior compartment for head regeneration}, volume = {6}, year = {2010}, month = {2010//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000915}, author = {Felix, D. A. and Aboobaker, A. A.} } @article {1607, title = {Estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies with PhyML}, volume = {537}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-251-9_6}, author = {Guindon, S. and Delsuc, F. and Dufayard, J. F. and Gascuel, O.} } @article {1600, title = {Formaldehyde-based whole-mount in situ hybridization method for planarians}, volume = {238}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.21849}, author = {Pearson, B. J. and Eisenhoffer, G. T. and Gurley, K. A. and Rink, J. C. and Miller, D. E. and Alvarado, A. S.} } @article {1552, title = {Function and specificity of Hox genes}, volume = {53}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.072462df}, author = {Foronda, D. and Navas, L. F. and Garaulet, D. L. and Sanchez-Herrero, E.} } @article {1566, title = {The genome of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni}, volume = {460}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08160}, author = {Berriman, M. and Haas, B. J. and LoVerde, P. T. and Wilson, R. A. and Dillon, G. P. and Cerqueira, G. C. and Mashiyama, S. T. and Al-Lazikani, B. and Andrade, L. F. and Ashton, P. D.} } @book {1519, title = {ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {New York, USA}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3}, author = {Wickham, H.} } @article {1551, title = {Hox genes and vertebrate axial pattern}, volume = {88}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0070-2153(09)88009-5}, author = {Wellik, D. M.} } @article {1568, title = {Hox genes in the parasitic platyhelminthes Mesocestoides corti, Echinococcus multilocularis, and Schistosoma mansoni: evidence for a reduced Hox complement}, volume = {47}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10528-008-9210-6}, author = {Koziol, U. and Lalanne, A. I. and Castillo, E.} } @article {1652, title = {Planarian Hh signaling regulates regeneration polarity and links Hh pathway evolution to cilia}, volume = {326}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1178712}, author = {Rink, J. C. and Gurley, K. A. and Elliott, S. A. and Sanchez Alvarado, A.} } @article {1503, title = {Planarians maintain a constant ratio of different cell types during changes in body size by using the stem cell system}, volume = {26}, year = {2009}, month = {2009//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.26.805}, author = {Takeda, H. and Nishimura, K. and Agata, K.} } @article {1580, title = {Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus}, volume = {456}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07309}, author = {Hejnol, A. and Martindale, M. Q.} } @article {1720, title = {Ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to freshwater invertebrates with different physiology: a comparative study between amphipods and planarians}, journal = {Arch Environ Contam Toxicol}, volume = {54}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Feb}, pages = {259-65}, abstract = {

High nitrite concentrations in freshwater ecosystems may cause toxicity to aquatic animals. These living organisms can take nitrite up from water through their chloride cells, subsequently suffering oxidation of their respiratory pigments (hemoglobin, hemocyanin). Because NO(2)(-) and Cl(-) ions compete for the same active transport site, elevated chloride concentrations in the aquatic environment have the potential of reducing nitrite toxicity. Although this ameliorating effect is well documented in fish, it has been largely ignored in wild freshwater invertebrates. The aim of this study was to compare the ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to two species of freshwater invertebrates differing in physiology: Eulimnogammarus toletanus (amphipods) and Polycelis felina (planarians). The former species presents gills (with chloride cells) and respiratory pigments, whereas in the latter species these are absent. Test animals were exposed in triplicate for 168 h to a single nitrite concentration (5 ppm NO(2)-N for E. toletanus and 100 ppm NO(2)-N for P. felina) at four different environmental chloride concentrations (27.8, 58.3, 85.3, and 108.0 ppm Cl(-)). The number of dead animals and the number of affected individuals (i.e., number of dead plus inactive invertebrates) were monitored every day. LT(50) (lethal time) and ET(50) (effective time) were estimated for each species and each chloride concentration. LT(50) and ET(50) values increased with increases in the environmental chloride concentration, mainly in amphipods. Results clearly show that the ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity was more significant in amphipods than in planarians, likely because of the absence of gills (with chloride cells) and respiratory pigments in P. felina. Additionally, this comparative study indicates that the ecological risk assessment of nitrite in freshwater ecosystems should take into account not only the most sensitive and key species in the communities, but also chloride levels in the aquatic environment.

}, keywords = {Amphipoda, Animals, Chlorides, Lethal Dose 50, Nitrites, planarians, Water Pollutants, Chemical}, issn = {0090-4341}, doi = {10.1007/s00244-007-9034-0}, author = {Alonso, A and Camargo, J A} } @article {1577, title = {Beta-catenin defines head versus tail identity during planarian regeneration and homeostasis}, volume = {319}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1150029}, author = {Gurley, K. A. and Rink, J. C. and Alvarado, A. S.} } @article {1524, title = {Characterization of tyramine beta-hydroxylase in planarian Dugesia japonica: cloning and expression}, volume = {53}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2008.09.006}, author = {Nishimura, K. and Kitamura, Y. and Inoue, T. and Umesono, Y. and Yoshimoto, K. and Taniguchi, T.} } @article {1565, title = {Evo-devo: variations on ancestral themes}, volume = {132}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.003}, author = {Robertis, E. M.} } @article {1683, title = {Freshwater Triclad Planarians (Turbellaria) from Plummers Island, Maryland}, journal = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington}, volume = {15}, year = {2008}, note = {doi: 10.2988/0097-0298(2008)15[11:FTPTFP]2.0.CO;2}, month = {2008/05/01}, pages = {11 - 12}, publisher = {Biological Society of Washington}, abstract = {

Five species of freshwater triclad planarians were found on Plummers Island and the adjacent mainland property, Montgomery County, Maryland. One species (Dugesia [G.] tigrina) occupying the Potomac River and a tributary, is tolerant of degraded habitat. The other four occupy vernal pools (Hymanella retenuova and Phagocata velata) or spring-seeps (Phagocata morgani and Paraplanaria dactyligera) and appear to be indicators of high quality aquatic habitat. These five species represent 36\% of the total known Maryland fauna of 14 species.ABSTRACT Five species of freshwater triclad planarians were found on Plummers Island and the adjacent mainland property, Montgomery County, Maryland. One species (Dugesia [G.] tigrina) occupying the Potomac River and a tributary, is tolerant of degraded habitat. The other four occupy vernal pools (Hymanella retenuova and Phagocata velata) or spring-seeps (Phagocata morgani and Paraplanaria dactyligera) and appear to be indicators of high quality aquatic habitat. These five species represent 36\% of the total known Maryland fauna of 14 species.

}, isbn = {0097-0298}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2988/0097-0298(2008)15[11:FTPTFP]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Norden, Arnold W.} } @article {1597, title = {HomeoDB: a database of homeobox gene diversity}, volume = {10}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00266.x}, author = {Zhong, Y. F. and Butts, T. and Holland, P. W.} } @article {1553, title = {Hox genes and the parasitic flatworms: new opportunities, challenges and lessons from the free-living}, volume = {57}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2007.09.007}, author = {Olson, P. D.} } @article {1528, title = {Identification of glutamic acid decarboxylase gene and distribution of GABAergic nervous system in the planarian Dugesia japonica}, volume = {153}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.026}, author = {Nishimura, K. and Kitamura, Y. and Umesono, Y. and Takeuchi, K. and Takata, K. and Taniguchi, T.} } @article {1586, title = {Silencing of Smed-betacatenin1 generates radial-like hypercephalized planarians}, volume = {135}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.020289}, author = {Iglesias, M. and Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L. and Salo, E. and Adell, T.} } @article {1590, title = {Smed-betacatenin-1 is required for anteroposterior blastema polarity in planarian regeneration}, volume = {319}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1149943}, author = {Petersen, C. P. and Reddien, P. W.} } @article {1604, title = {SmedGD: the Schmidtea mediterranea genome database}, volume = {36}, year = {2008}, month = {2008//}, author = {Robb, S. M. and Ross, E. and Alvarado, A. S.} } @article {1510, title = {Clathrin-mediated endocytic signals are required for the regeneration of, as well as homeostasis in, the planarian CNS}, volume = {134}, year = {2007}, month = {2007//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.02835}, author = {Inoue, T. and Hayashi, T. and Takechi, K. and Agata, K.} } @article {1614, title = {Hox gene expression in larval development of the polychaetes Nereis virens and Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Lophotrochozoa)}, volume = {217}, year = {2007}, month = {2007//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-006-0119-y}, author = {Kulakova, M. and Bakalenko, N. and Novikova, E. and Cook, C. E. and Eliseeva, E. and Steinmetz, P. R. and Kostyuchenko, R. P. and Dondua, A. and Arendt, D. and Akam, M.} } @article {1622, title = {Nanos function is essential for development and regeneration of planarian germ cells}, volume = {104}, year = {2007}, month = {2007//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609708104}, author = {Wang, Y. and Zayas, R. M. and Guo, T. and Newmark, P. A.} } @article {1691, title = {Natural History Observations on Bipalium cf. vagum Jones and Sterrer (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), a Terrestrial Broadhead Planarian New to North America}, journal = {Southeastern Naturalist}, volume = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = { - 460449}, publisher = {Eagle Hill Institute}, abstract = {

An increasing number of exotic terrestrial planarian species have established populations worldwide. In North America, the most prominent invasive flatworms are three members of the broadhead planarian genus Bipalium. Herein we report observations on the morphology, predatory behavior, and reproduction of Bipalium cf. vagum, new to this continent and report its occurrence in Florida and Texas. Individuals of this species have a distinctive combination of head shape and pattern of dark dorsal pigmentation (large head spots, complete collar, and prominent median stripe) that distinguishes them from other members of the genus. Although the other North American species of Bipalium feed on earthworms, B. cf. vagum feeds exclusively on terrestrial mollusks. Their predatory behavior includes following mucus trails and subduing the prey by capping the prey\&$\#$39;s head with the flatworm\&$\#$39;s anterior end and wrapping the prey\&$\#$39;s foot in the body of the planarian. Members of this species reproduce via egg capsules that contain small numbers of offspring. Because this is the first land planarian reported in North America that is a predator of mollusks, native land snails and slugs are unlikely to have effective defenses against it. Therefore, we should continue to monitor its geographic spread and potential ecological impact.

}, isbn = {15287092, 19385412}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4541040}, author = {Ducey, Peter K. and Matthew McCormick and Davidson, Elizabeth} } @article {1621, title = {The planarian nanos-like gene Smednos is expressed in germline and eye precursor cells during development and regeneration}, volume = {217}, year = {2007}, month = {2007//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-007-0146-3}, author = {Handberg-Thorsager, M. and Salo, E.} } @article {1536, title = {Reconstruction of dopaminergic neural network and locomotion function in planarian regenerates}, volume = {67}, year = {2007}, month = {2007//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20377}, author = {Nishimura, K. and Kitamura, Y. and Inoue, T. and Umesono, Y. and Sano, S. and Yoshimoto, K.} } @article {1508, title = {Regenerating the central nervous system: how easy for planarians!}, volume = {217}, year = {2007}, month = {2007//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-007-0188-6}, author = {Cebria, F.} } @article {1511, title = {Regeneration-dependent conditional gene knockdown (Readyknock) in planarian: demonstration of requirement for Djsnap-25 expression in the brain for negative phototactic behavior}, volume = {49}, year = {2007}, month = {2007//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00936.x}, author = {Takano, T. and Pulvers, J. N. and Inoue, T. and Tarui, H. and Sakamoto, H. and Agata, K.} } @article {1560, title = {The rise and fall of Hox gene clusters}, volume = {134}, year = {2007}, month = {2007//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.001065}, author = {Duboule, D.} } @article {1629, title = {Flies without centrioles}, volume = {125}, year = {2006}, month = {2006//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.025}, author = {Basto, R. and Lau, J. and Vinogradova, T. and Gardiol, A. and Woods, C. G. and Khodjakov, A. and Raff, J. W.} } @article {1555, title = {Hox genes: a continuation of embryonic patterning?}, volume = {22}, year = {2006}, month = {2006//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2005.11.004}, author = {Morgan, R.} } @article {1554, title = {Hox genes are not always colinear}, volume = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {2006//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.2.95}, author = {Monteiro, A. S. and Ferrier, D. E.} } @article {1719, title = {Resistance of two planarian species to UV-irradiation}, journal = {Folia Biol (Krakow)}, volume = {54}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {103-8}, abstract = {

The aim of this work was to determine the effects of 20, 25 and 30 minute UV-irradiation periods lambda = 253.5 nm to two planarian species Dugesia tigrina (Gir.) and Polycelis felina (Daly.). In vivo, UV light effects have been reported to affect intracellular receptors and disrupt simple behaviour. The effects of UV-rays on mortality and behavior as well as morphological, cytological and histological changes in the two planarian species were assessed, and the course and the dynamics of regenerative processes were compared between them. Experimental populations of Dugesia tigrina and Polycelis felina species were maintained in laboratory conditions at room temperature. Mortality, behavioral and morphological changes were monitored daily by means of a light stereomicroscope. For cytological and histopathological analysis, planarians were fixed in Bouine fixative on the first, second, third, fifth and seventh day after exposure to UV-irradiation, respectively. They were embedded in paraffin, cut on a microtome, stained with toluidin blue and embedded in Canada-balsam. UV-rays caused mortality, behavioral, morphological, cytological and histological changes in each planarian species. In regeneration of damaged body parts reticular cells and neoblasts played the main role. Neoblasts as totipotent cells extremely increased in number in the area of damaged tissue, immediately after UV-exposure. Dugesia tigrina was more sensitive to UV-rays than Polycelis felina due to possession of less pigmented cells. The course of regeneration in both species was similar. Most individuals of both species regenerated in 5 to 12 days after UV-irradiation.

}, keywords = {Animals, planarians, Ultraviolet Rays}, issn = {0015-5497}, author = {Kalafati{\'c}, Mirjana and Kovacevi{\'c}, Goran and Franjevi{\'c}, Damjan} } @article {1509, title = {Structure and function of primitive immunoglobulin superfamily neural cell adhesion molecules: a lesson from studies on planarian}, volume = {11}, year = {2006}, month = {2006//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2443.2006.00962.x}, author = {Fusaoka, E. and Inoue, T. and Mineta, K. and Agata, K. and Takeuchi, K.} } @article {1718, title = {Toxicity of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates.}, journal = {Environ Toxicol}, volume = {21}, year = {2006}, month = {2006 Feb}, pages = {90-4}, abstract = {

Nitrite is a compound with a high toxicity to aquatic animals. Several anthropogenic pollution sources are increasing the concentrations of this component of the nitrogen cycle. Despite this toxicity, there is little available literature on its effects on freshwater invertebrates. Laboratory bioassays were performed to obtain data on the lethal effects of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates: the planarian Polycelis felina and the amphipods Echinogammarus echinosetosus and Eulimnogammarus toletanus. The LC(50), LC(10), and LC(0.01) values (mg/L NO(2)--N) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were calculated for each species. E. toletanus and E. echinosetosus were the most sensitive species, with 96 h LC(50) values of 2.09 and 2.59 mg/L NO(2)--N, respectively. In contrast, the planarian P. felina showed a higher tolerance to nitrite, with a 96 h LC(50) value of 60.0 mg/L NO(2)--N. The obtained results were compared with the reported nitrite data for other freshwater invertebrates. This study may contribute to a more appropriate assessment of the ecological risk of this compound in freshwater ecosystems.

}, keywords = {Amphipoda, Animals, Lethal Dose 50, Nitrites, planarians, Rivers, Spain, Water Pollutants, Chemical}, issn = {1520-4081}, doi = {10.1002/tox.20155}, author = {Alonso, Alvaro and Camargo, Julio A} } @article {1571, title = {Hox clusters as models for vertebrate genome evolution}, volume = {21}, year = {2005}, month = {2005//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2005.06.004}, author = {Hoegg, S. and Meyer, A.} } @article {1650, title = {Identification of genes needed for regeneration, stem cell function, and tissue homeostasis by systematic gene perturbation in planaria}, volume = {8}, year = {2005}, month = {2005//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2005.02.014}, author = {Reddien, P. W. and Bermange, A. L. and Murfitt, K. J. and Jennings, J. R. and Sanchez Alvarado, A.} } @article {1502, title = {Neural projections in planarian brain revealed by fluorescent dye tracing}, volume = {22}, year = {2005}, month = {2005//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.22.535}, author = {Okamoto, K. and Takeuchi, K. and Agata, K.} } @article {1717, title = {Toxicity testing of herbicide norflurazon on an aquatic bioindicator species--the planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.)}, journal = {Aquat Toxicol}, volume = {73}, year = {2005}, month = {2005 Jul 30}, pages = {342-52}, abstract = {

Norflurazon is a bleaching, preemergence herbicide. Due to its mobility and long half-life it presents a potential for groundwater contamination. The aim of our study was to investigate toxic effects of norflurazon on non-targeted aquatic bioindicator organism, the planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.). Animals were exposed to water solutions of norflurazon in concentrations 200, 20, 2 and 0.2 microM. Mortality, locomotive and morphological changes were monitored. Histological changes were studied both on treated and control animals with light microscopy. The primary DNA damage on single planarian cells was studied using the alkaline comet assay. Three comet parameters were studied: tail length, percentage of DNA in comet tail and tail moment. The results showed that norflurazon caused mortality, locomotive, morphological and histological changes in treated animals compared to corresponding controls. The most prominent histological changes were damage of the outer mucous layer, lack of rhabdites, damage to epidermis and extensive damage to parenchyma cells. The results of alkaline comet assay indicated that norflurazon in concentrations of 2 and 0.2 microM induces significant increase of primary DNA damage in planarian cells compared to the corresponding control animals. The mean values of all three measured parameters were significantly elevated on the fourth day of the treatment compared with the first and the seventh day. Based on the results of mortality and locomotive observations, we conclude that the fourth day of the treatment represents a certain threshold within planarian metabolism followed by the beginning of detoxification and recovery. However, histological preparations and comet data statistics show results indicating that high toxicity on the seventh day of the treatment gave the results of decrease of DNA damage due to the tissue/cell damage (apoptosis) and not recovery. The present study showed the ability of norflurazon to induce a wide range of different toxicological responses in freshwater planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.).

}, keywords = {Animals, Comet Assay, Croatia, DNA Damage, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Herbicides, Histological Techniques, Locomotion, Mortality, planarians, Pyridazines, Time Factors}, issn = {0166-445X}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.03.023}, author = {Horvat, T and Kalafati{\'c}, M and Kopjar, N and Kovacevi{\'c}, G} } @article {1613, title = {The Hox gene complement of acoel flatworms, a basal bilaterian clade}, volume = {6}, year = {2004}, month = {2004//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04020.x}, author = {Cook, C. E. and Jimenez, E. and Akam, M. and Salo, E.} } @article {1715, title = {The impairments of neoblast division in regenerating planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) caused by in vitro treatment with cadmium sulfate}, journal = {Toxicol In Vitro}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, month = {2004 Feb}, pages = {99-107}, abstract = {

The effects of cadmium sulfate on the neoblast mitotic activity in regenerating planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) were investigated. Mitotic abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations were evaluated after 6-h treatment and 24-h recovery period. The blastema were fixed, and examined cytologically through routine lactoorceine squash preparations. Mitotic indices were also determined. Cadmium sulfate induced a dose-dependent decrease in neoblast mitotic activity, accompanied with disturbances in distribution of cells over mitotic phases. Different cytological abnormalities with varying frequency were observed. Marked mitotic depression was concentration-dependent. Toxic effects of cadmium in regenerating planarian were mainly associated with mitotic spindle disturbances. Immediately after treatment mitotic abnormalities were prevalent over chromosomal and C-mitosis was the most prominent one. After 24-h recovery period a prevalence of mitotic over chromosomal aberrations was still present in animals treated with two higher concentrations of cadmium sulfate. However, the proportions of cells with chromosome stickiness in all treated animals were significantly increased compared to their post-treatment values. Observed mitotic impairments could be related to mitotic arrest contributing to retardations and delays, especially in animals treated with the highest concentration tested. The results obtained indicated usefulness of short term invertebrate assays as an alternative to in vitro pre-screening of toxic chemicals.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biological Assay, Cadmium Compounds, Cell Division, Chromosome Aberrations, Croatia, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Female, Forecasting, Mitosis, Mitotic Index, Mortality, Oxygen Consumption, planarians, regeneration, Sulfates, Survival, Time Factors}, issn = {0887-2333}, author = {Kalafati{\'c}, M and Kopjar, N and Besendorfer, V} } @article {1716, title = {Karyological analysis of two allopatric populations of planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) in Croatia}, journal = {Folia Biol (Krakow)}, volume = {52}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {131-3}, abstract = {

The results of preliminary karyological investigations of two geographically distant and morphologically slightly different Polycelis felina (Daly.) populations from central Croatia are reported. The results have shown that individuals of both populations are diploids, with the same chromosome number in their neoblasts (2n=18). Their karyotypes were composed of nine chromosome pairs, three of them are metacentric and the other six are submetacentric. Statistical evaluation of data indicated that both populations of Polycelis felina (Daly.), despite minor differences observed between them, belong to the same karyological biotype.

}, keywords = {Animals, Chromosomes, Croatia, Geography, Karyotyping, planarians, Species Specificity}, issn = {0015-5497}, author = {Kalafati{\'c}, Mirjana and Kopjar, Nevenka and Zrna, Gordana and Zupan, Irina and Kovacevi{\'c}, Goran and Franjevi{\'c}, Damjan} } @article {1506, title = {Morphological and functional recovery of the planarian photosensing system during head regeneration}, volume = {21}, year = {2004}, month = {2004//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.21.275}, author = {Inoue, T. and Kumamoto, H. and Okamoto, K. and Umesono, Y. and Sakai, M. and Sanchez Alvarado, A.} } @article {1876, title = {Genetic differences among several species of Tricladida from the relict Lake Ohrid as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis.}, journal = {Folia Biol (Krakow)}, volume = {51}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {105-9}, abstract = {

Six endemic and two widely distributed species living in Lake Ohrid were studied. In general, these hermaphroditic animals displayed no signs of departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic variation in all but one of the endemic species was of the same extent as that in geographically wide ranging invertebrates. On the other hand, the Lake Ohrid population of the common European species Dendrocoelum lacteum was monomorphic at all loci examined. D. sanctinaumi, one of the endemic species, exhibited a clear genetic subdivision into spring and littoral subpopulations. The genetic differentiation of Crenobia alpina alpina and C. a. montenigrina proved commensurable to that of well separated species from other genera. The data suggest that the separation of particular lineages in the set of Lake Ohrid endemics was widely dispersed over time.

}, keywords = {Animals, Enzymes, Europe, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Platyhelminths, Water Supply}, issn = {0015-5497}, author = {Sywula, Tadeusz and Krstanovski, Zdravko and Tasevska, Orhideja and Sell, Jerzy and Kretowicz, Tomasz} } @article {1569, title = {Hox gene loss during dynamic evolution of the nematode cluster}, volume = {13}, year = {2003}, month = {2003//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01399-4}, author = {Aboobaker, A. A. and Blaxter, M. L.} } @article {1645, title = {Ingestion of bacterially expressed double-stranded RNA inhibits gene expression in planarians}, volume = {100}, year = {2003}, month = {2003//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1834205100}, author = {Newmark, P. A. and Reddien, P. W. and Cebria, F. and Sanchez Alvarado, A.} } @article {1844, title = {Miscellaneous Papers on Turbellarians. II. Additions and corrections of the previous land planarian indices of the world (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida, Terricola) - 11}, journal = {The bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s University}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {89-114}, url = {http://planarian.net/db/lpindex/ix2003.pdf}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Eudoxia Maria Froehlich and Hugh D. Jones and Robert E. Ogren and Gen-Yu Sasaki} } @article {1606, title = {MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models}, volume = {19}, year = {2003}, month = {2003//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180}, author = {Ronquist, F. and Huelsenbeck, J. P.} } @booklet {1605, title = {Proposal for the sequencing of a new target genome: white paper for a planarian genome project}, year = {2003}, author = {Alejandro S{\'a}nchez Alvarado and P. W. Reddien and P. A. Newmark and Chad Nusbaum} } @article {1626, title = {Proteomic characterization of the human centrosome by protein correlation profiling}, volume = {426}, year = {2003}, month = {2003//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02166}, author = {Andersen, J. S. and Wilkinson, C. J. and Mayor, T. and Mortensen, P. and Nigg, E. A. and Mann, M.} } @article {1516, title = {Search for the evolutionary origin of a brain: planarian brain characterized by microarray}, volume = {20}, year = {2003}, month = {2003//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msg086}, author = {Nakazawa, M. and Cebria, F. and Mineta, K. and Ikeo, K. and Agata, K. and Gojobori, T.} } @article {1695, title = {Serotonin in the nervous system of the head region of the land planarian Bipalium kewense}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, month = {2003/12//}, pages = {479 - 486}, abstract = {

The presence and distribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) in the head region of the land planarian Bipalium kewense has been investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence technique combined with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), and also by immunogold labeling at ultrastructural level. Serotonin immunoreactivity (IR) was restricted to elements of the nervous system, such as the cerebral ganglion, and the peripheral nerve net. Most of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons are at the periphery of the brain; they were identified as unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons. The ultrastructural results using immunogold labeling confirm the location of 5-HT within electron-dense vesicles (50\–120 nm in diameter), clustered both in the cell bodies and in their processes. The intense 5-HT-IR herein demonstrated for B. kewense adds new data to the poorly studied nervous system of land planarians.

}, keywords = {Cephalic ganglion, Immunohistochemistry, Land planaria, Nervous system, Plathelminthes, Serotonin}, isbn = {0040-8166}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040816603000740}, author = {Fernandes, M.C and Alvares, E.P and Gama, P and Silveira, M} } @article {1612, title = {The abdominal-B-like gene expression during larval development of Nereis virens (polychaeta)}, volume = {115}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00113-2}, author = {Kulakova, M. A. and Kostyuchenko, R. P. and Andreeva, T. F. and Dondua, A. K.} } @article {1515, title = {Dissecting planarian central nervous system regeneration by the expression of neural-specific genes}, volume = {44}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-169x.2002.00629.x}, author = {Cebria, F. and Nakazawa, M. and Mineta, K. and Ikeo, K. and Gojobori, T. and Agata, K.} } @article {1634, title = {Epsilon-tubulin is an essential component of the centriole}, volume = {13}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E02-04-0205}, author = {Dutcher, S. K. and Morrissette, N. S. and Preble, A. M. and Rackley, C. and Stanga, J.} } @article {1514, title = {The expression of neural-specific genes reveals the structural and molecular complexity of the planarian central nervous system}, volume = {116}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00134-X}, author = {Cebria, F. and Kudome, T. and Nakazawa, M. and Mineta, K. and Ikeo, K. and Gojobori, T.} } @article {1738, title = {Gene organization and expression of a neuropeptide Y homolog from the land planarian Arthurdendyus triangulatus}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, volume = {454}, year = {2002}, month = {2002 Dec 02}, pages = {58-64}, abstract = {

Neuropeptide Y is one of the most widespread regulatory peptides within the vertebrate nervous system and shares the C-terminal motif [FY]-x(3)-[LIVM]-x(2)-Y-x(3)-[LIVMFY]-x-R-x-R-[YF] with pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, and fish pancreatic peptide Y. All four peptides are believed to have arisen from a single ancestral gene through successive gene duplication events in vertebrates. The origin of this peptide family may date back further still; similarly sized peptide transmitters with an identical C-terminal motif have been identified in molluscs and flatworms and designated neuropeptide F (NPF). Cloning of the npf gene from the parasitic flatworm Moniezia expansa identified some unusual features within the peptide precursor organization but, at the same time, provided support for an evolutionary relationship of npf and npy genes through the presence of a single intron at a conserved position. To extend the analysis of the evolutionary relationships between invertebrate NPF and vertebrate NPY family peptides, the NPF precursor from the turbellarian Arthurdendyus triangulatus was characterized. Sequence analysis revealed the npf transcript to be 362 base pairs in length encoding a single open reading frame of 81 amino acids. The precursor comprises a signal peptide followed by the mature peptide of 36 amino acids in length, terminating in the typical invertebrate GRPRF motif, followed by a carboxyterminal glycyl extension. The NPF precursor of A. triangulatus shows significant similarities to the vertebrate NPY peptides. Indeed, the N-terminus of A. triangulatus prepro-NPF corresponds more closely to that of the vertebrate peptide homologs than to that of other invertebrate NPFs isolated to date. Immunocytochemical localization studies have demonstrated NPF immunoreactivity throughout the nervous system of A. triangulatus, particularly in association with muscular structures. The data support an early evolutionary origin for this peptide transmitter family within the nervous system of basal bilaterians.

}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, Complementary, Genomic Library, Helminth Proteins, Introns, Molecular Sequence Data, Nervous system, Neuropeptide Y, Organ Specificity, planarians, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid}, issn = {0021-9967}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10440}, author = {Dougan, Paula M and Mair, Gunnar R and Halton, David W and Curry, W James and Day, Tim A and Maule, Aaron G} } @article {1611, title = {Hox clusters and bilaterian phylogeny}, volume = {24}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00237-3}, author = {Balavoine, G. and Rosa, R. and Adoutte, A.} } @article {1563, title = {Hox genes and the evolution of the arthropod body plan}, volume = {4}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142X.2002.02034.x}, author = {Hughes, C. L. and Kaufman, T. C.} } @article {1609, title = {HOX genes in the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes: implications for the evolution of complex body plans}, volume = {99}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.042683899}, author = {Callaerts, P. and Lee, P. N. and Hartmann, B. and Farfan, C. and Choy, D. W. and Ikeo, K. and Fischbach, K. F. and Gehring, W. J. and Couet, H. G.} } @article {1591, title = {The Schmidtea mediterranea database as a molecular resource for studying platyhelminthes, stem cells and regeneration}, volume = {129}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.00167}, author = {Alvarado, A. S. and Newmark, P. A. and Robb, S. M. and Juste, R.} } @article {1579, title = {Not your father{\textquoteright}s planarian: a classic model enters the era of functional genomics}, volume = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg759}, author = {Newmark, P. A. and Alvarado, A. S.} } @article {1646, title = {Not your father{\textquoteright}s planarian: a classic model enters the era of functional genomics}, volume = {3}, year = {2002}, month = {2002//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg759}, author = {Newmark, P. A. and Sanchez Alvarado, A.} } @article {1583, title = {Position-specific and non-colinear expression of the planarian posterior (Abdominal-B-like) gene}, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, month = {2001//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-169X.2001.00564.x}, author = {Nogi, T. and Watanabe, K.} } @inbook {1638, title = {Spermatozoa as phylogenetic characters for the Platyhelminthes}, booktitle = {Interrelationships of Platyhelminthes}, year = {2001}, month = {2001//}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, organization = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London}, author = {Justine, J. L.}, editor = {Littlewood, D. T. J. and Bray, R. A.} } @article {1616, title = {The hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF3 or FOXA) family in metabolism}, volume = {11}, year = {2000}, month = {2000//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00271-X}, author = {Kaestner, K. H.} } @article {1523, title = {Organization and regeneration ability of spontaneous supernumerary eyes in planarians -eye regeneration field and pathway selection by optic nerves}, volume = {17}, year = {2000}, month = {2000//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.17.609}, author = {Sakai, F. and Agata, K. and Orii, H. and Watanabe, K.} } @article {1618, title = {Planaria FoxA (HNF3) homologue is specifically expressed in the pharynx-forming cells}, volume = {259}, year = {2000}, month = {2000//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00426-1}, author = {Koinuma, S. and Umesono, Y. and Watanabe, K. and Agata, K.} } @article {1518, title = {Absorption spectra of planarian visual pigments and two states of the metarhodopsin intermediates}, volume = {69}, year = {1999}, month = {1999//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb05312.x}, author = {Azuma, K. and Iwasaki, N. and Ohtsu, K.} } @article {1574, title = {Acoel flatworms: earliest extant bilaterian metazoans, not members of Platyhelminthes}, volume = {283}, year = {1999}, month = {1999//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5409.1919}, author = {Ruiz-Trillo, I. and Riutort, M. and Littlewood, D. T. and Herniou, E. A. and Baguna, J.} } @article {1513, title = {Distinct structural domains in the planarian brain defined by the expression of evolutionarily conserved homeobox genes}, volume = {209}, year = {1999}, month = {1999//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050224}, author = {Umesono, Y. and Watanabe, K. and Agata, K.} } @article {1658, title = {Double-stranded RNA specifically disrupts gene expression during planarian regeneration}, volume = {96}, year = {1999}, month = {1999//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.9.5049}, author = {Sanchez Alvarado, A. and Newmark, P. A.} } @article {1564, title = {Hox genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome evolution}, volume = {399}, year = {1999}, month = {1999//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/21631}, author = {Rosa, R. and Grenier, J. K. and Andreeva, T. and Cook, C. E. and Adoutte, A. and Akam, M. and Carroll, S. B. and Balavoine, G.} } @article {1522, title = {Neural network in planarian revealed by an antibody against planarian synaptotagmin homologue}, volume = {260}, year = {1999}, month = {1999//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.0933}, author = {Tazaki, A. and Gaudieri, S. and Ikeo, K. and Gojobori, T. and Watanabe, K. and Agata, K.} } @article {1584, title = {The planarian HOM/HOX homeobox genes (Plox) expressed along the anteroposterior axis}, volume = {210}, year = {1999}, month = {1999//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1999.9275}, author = {Orii, H. and Kato, K. and Umesono, Y. and Sakurai, T. and Agata, K. and Watanabe, K.} } @article {1733, title = {Impact of the New Zealand flatworm (Artioposthia triangulata) on soil structure and hydrology in the UK.}, journal = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {215}, year = {1998}, month = {1998 May 04}, pages = {259-65}, abstract = {

Through north west Europe, concern has been growing in recent years about the predatory nature of Artioposthia triangulata on indigenous earthworm species. In this study, the consequence of earthworm depletion by A. triangulata on soil structure and related hydrological processes is examined. Field measurements compare differences in saturated hydraulic conductivity between sites overrun by A. triangulata and neighbouring unaffected sites. Laboratory experiments were conducted on soil cores containing worms only, worms and A. triangulata, and a control with no worms or A. Triangulata. Differences in the water release characteristic and bulk density between treatments was studied. It is concluded that in the short term, infestation by flatworms and consequent depletion of earthworms will increase infiltration. However, as macropores degenerate or are removed over time, an increased risk of surface run off may result in increased pollution and flood hazards, whilst reduced drainage and subsequent waterlogging may reduce agricultural productivity in certain soils. More research into understanding the processes is required.

}, keywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Oligochaeta, Platyhelminths, Predatory Behavior, Regression Analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, United Kingdom}, issn = {0048-9697}, author = {Haria, A H and McGrath, S P and Moore, J P and Bell, J P and Blackshaw, R P} } @article {1786, title = {The proposed synonymy of Parakontikia ventrolineata (Dendy, 1892) and Kontikia mexicana (Hyman, 1939) - what is a penis papilla?}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {383}, year = {1998}, pages = {91-96}, abstract = {

Geoplanid land planarians found near Johannesburg, South Africa, and in a hothouse in Liverpool, UK, could be identified either as Parakontikia ventrolineata (Dendy, 1892) or as Kontikia mexicana (Hyman, 1939). Comparison of the specimens with P. ventrolineata type specimens and other material and with published descriptions of K. mexicana shows no significant consistent difference between the species, other than the apparent presence of a penis papilla in K. mexicana. It is suggested that, in this case, the penis papilla is not a well-defined structure and that its presence in some specimens may be the result of differential contraction or eversion of the penial musculature at fixation. Accordingly it is proposed that the two species names are synonymous, and thus Parakontikia Winsor, 1991 is to be considered a junior synonym of Kontikia Froehlich, 1955. This is only the second geoplanid species to be recorded from Africa. It has also been found in Australia, New Zealand and the U.S.A.

}, doi = {10.1023/A:1003478218873}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A\%3A1003478218873}, author = {Hugh D. Jones and Peter M. Johns and Leigh Winsor} } @article {1857, title = {Redescription of a North American freshwater planarian, Seidlia remota (Smith, 1988), with taxonomic notes on Seidlia and Polycelis species from the Far East and Central Asia}, journal = {Bulletin of the Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {36}, year = {1998}, pages = {95-110}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Robert W. Mitchell} } @article {1534, title = {Rhodopsin-like proteins in planarian eye and auricle: Detection and functional analysis}, volume = {201}, year = {1998}, month = {1998//}, author = {Asano, Y. and Nakamura, S. and Ishida, S. and Azuma, K. and Shinozawa, T.} } @article {1501, title = {Structure of the planarian central nervous system (CNS) revealed by neuronal cell markers}, volume = {15}, year = {1998}, month = {1998//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.15.433}, author = {Agata, K. and Soejima, Y. and Kato, K. and Kobayashi, C. and Umesono, Y. and Watanabe, K.} } @article {1635, title = {The UNI3 gene is required for assembly of basal bodies of Chlamydomonas and encodes delta-tubulin, a new member of the tubulin superfamily}, volume = {9}, year = {1998}, month = {1998//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.9.6.1293}, author = {Dutcher, S. K. and Trabuco, E. C.} } @article {1570, title = {Zebrafish hox clusters and vertebrate genome evolution}, volume = {282}, year = {1998}, month = {1998//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5394.1711}, author = {Amores, A. and Force, A. and Yan, Y. L. and Joly, L. and Amemiya, C. and Fritz, A. and Ho, R. K. and Langeland, J. and Prince, V. and Wang, Y. L.} } @article {1610, title = {Conserved anterior boundaries of Hox gene expression in the central nervous system of the leech Helobdella}, volume = {190}, year = {1997}, month = {1997//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8689}, author = {Kourakis, M. J. and Master, V. A. and Lokhorst, D. K. and Nardelli-Haefliger, D. and Wedeen, C. J. and Martindale, M. Q. and Shankland, M.} } @article {1582, title = {Planarian Hox genes: novel patterns of expression during regeneration}, volume = {124}, year = {1997}, month = {1997//}, author = {Bayascas, J. R. and Castillo, E. and Munoz-Marmol, A. M. and Salo, E.} } @article {1512, title = {A planarian orthopedia homolog is specifically expressed in the branch region of both the mature and regenerating brain}, volume = {39}, year = {1997}, month = {1997//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-169X.1997.t01-5-00008.x}, author = {Umesono, Y. and Watanabe, K. and Agata, K.} } @article {1758, title = {Primera cita de Dendrocoelum (D.) lacteum (M{\"u}ller, 1774) (Platyhelmintes; Turbellaria; Dendrocoelidae) en la Pen{\'\i}nsula Ib{\'e}rica}, journal = {Historia Animalium}, volume = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {5-8}, author = {Salvador Carranza and Gonzalo Giribet} } @article {1804, title = {On two new species of the genus Dendrocoelopsis from China (Tricladida: Paludicola: Dendrocoelidae)}, journal = {Acta Zootaxon Sinica}, volume = {22}, year = {1997}, pages = {240-245}, author = {Liu, D-Z} } @article {1608, title = {Class 3 Hox genes in insects and the origin of zen}, volume = {93}, year = {1996}, month = {1996//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.16.8479}, author = {Falciani, F. and Hausdorf, B. and Schroder, R. and Akam, M. and Tautz, D. and Denell, R. and Brown, S.} } @article {1585, title = {Identification of planarian homeobox sequences indicates the antiquity of most Hox/homeotic gene subclasses}, volume = {92}, year = {1995}, month = {1995//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.16.7227}, author = {Balavoine, G. and Telford, M. J.} } @article {1728, title = {Parvalbumin-immunoreactive proteins in the nervous system of planarians}, journal = {Cell Mol Neurobiol}, volume = {15}, year = {1995}, month = {1995 Aug}, pages = {401-10}, abstract = {

1. Using immunological methods, we have identified parvalbumin-like material in the triclade flatworms, Polycelis nigra, Polycelis auriculata, Crenobia alpina, Dugesia tahitiensis, and Dugesia polychroa. 2. Western immunoblot analysis of these five species revealed heat stable parvalbumin-immunoreactive proteins between 32 kD and 44 kD. 3. Proteins at 19 and 32 kD revealed intense labeling with 45Ca2+. 4. Double immunodiffusion of planarian supernatants showed complete fusion of precipitates, indicating immunological relatedness of the parvalbumin-like material among the species investigated. 5. Immunocytochemical studies exhibit parvalbumin-immunoreactive material exclusively in neurons supporting the notion of an early evolutionary appearance of these proteins in the nervous system.

}, keywords = {Animals, Blotting, Western, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Immunohistochemistry, Molecular Weight, Nervous system, Parvalbumins, planarians}, issn = {0272-4340}, author = {Hutticher, A and Kerschbaum, H H and Kainz, V and Bito, M and Hermann, A} } @article {FWB:FWB21, title = {The reaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and the significance of this for their coexistence in British lakes}, journal = {Freshwater Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {21{\textendash}28}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {1. Three species of leeches, Erpobdella octoculata, Glossiphonia complanata and Helobdella stagnalis, and four species of triclads, Polycelis nigra, P. tennis, Dugesia polychroa and Dendrocoelum lacteum, commonly coexist on stony shores in productive British lakes. All species are food limited and there is much overlap in their diet. For both leech and triclad communities, coexistence of species is through the occurrence of food refuges. Leeches are more successful than triclads at capturing live prey, whereas both groups feed on damaged prey, comprising incapacitated, live or dead animals that are leaking body fluids. If triclads are better than leeches at exploiting damaged prey, this could be a mechanism for their coexistence.2. Laboratory experiments investigated the comparative speeds at which leeches and triclads responded to crushed prey. Young and adult predators were offered a crushed specimen of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, the snail Lymnaea peregra, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus or the chironomid Chironomus sp., and their reaction times recorded. These four prey groups constitute the main diet of the predators in the field. Only D. polychroa and D. lacteum showed a significantly different reaction time between young and adults to crushed prey, and the reason for this is unclear. All predators, except H. stagnalis and D. polychroa, showed a difference in reaction time to the four types of prey, presumably a consequence of differences in both the {\textquoteleft}quality{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}concentration{\textquoteright} of the different prey fluids, and there were some differences between predators in their speed of reaction to the same prey type. The following sequence, from fastest to slowest, in general reaction time to prey was obtained: E. octoculata, D. polychroa, P. tenuis, D. lacteum, P. nigra, H. stagnalis and G. complanata.3. The location of the damaged food by the predators can be explained partly in terms of their foraging behaviour, with E. octoculata, D, polychroa and P. tenuis exhibiting a more seek-out strategy than other species which have a more sit-and-wait behaviour, and partly on the level of sophistication of their chemosensory system used to detect leaked prey fluids. This system is highly developed in triclad species but poorly developed in leeches.4. In a second type of experiment in which prey, L. peregra, A. aquaticus or Chironomus sp., were offered at different time intervals after crushing to H, stagnalis and P. tenuis, few predators fed on food crushed for 24 h or longer, although a few leeches fed on Chironomus crushed for up to 72 h.5. It is concluded that coexistence of leech and triclad species on stony shores in lakes is assisted by partitioning of food on a damaged or live basis.}, issn = {1365-2427}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x}, author = {SEABY, R.M.H. and MARTIN, A.J. and YOUNG, J.O.} } @article {ref1, title = {Annotations on the reproductive biology of Planaria torva (M{\"u}ller)}, journal = {Rendiconti Lincei}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, month = {03/1994}, pages = {59{\textendash}61}, abstract = {

Planaria torva is a fresh-water triclad reproducing only sexually. Investigations accomplished on a laboratory strain derived from a single specimen have shown that this planarian belongs to the iteroparous species. Moreover, the animals have shown a peculiar reproductive characteristic, namely, a high production of cocoons, most of which, however, are sterile.

}, issn = {1720-0776}, doi = {10.1007/BF03001436}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03001436}, author = {Benazzi, Socio Mario} } @article {1615, title = {The pha-4 gene is required to generate the pharyngeal primordium of Caenorhabditis elegans}, volume = {120}, year = {1994}, month = {1994//}, author = {Mango, S. E. and Lambie, E. J. and Kimble, J.} } @article {1648, title = {Centrosome organization and centriole architecture: their sensitivity to divalent cations}, volume = {108}, year = {1992}, month = {1992//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1047-8477(92)90011-X}, author = {Paintrand, M. and Moudjou, M. and Delacroix, H. and Bornens, M.} } @article {1734, title = {Neuropeptide F: primary structure from the tubellarian, Artioposthia triangulata.}, journal = {Comp Biochem Physiol C}, volume = {101}, year = {1992}, month = {1992 Feb}, pages = {269-74}, abstract = {

1. A neuropeptide exhibiting vertebrate pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity has been isolated and sequenced from extracts of the terrestrial turbellarian, Artioposthia triangulata. 2. This neuropeptide, designated neuropeptide F, consists of 36 amino acid residues terminating in a phenylalaninamide. 3. The full primary structure was established as: KVVHLRPRSSFSSEDEYQIYLRNVSKYIQLYGRPRF.NH2. The molecular mass, deduced from this sequence, was 4433 Da. 4. This neuropeptide exhibits C-terminal homology with neuropeptide F (Moniezia expansa) and with the vertebrate neuropeptide Y/pancreatic polypeptide superfamily of which it may represent a phylogenetic precursor.

}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Helminth Proteins, Immunohistochemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Weight, Neuropeptide Y, Neuropeptides, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Platyhelminths, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid}, issn = {0742-8413}, author = {Curry, W J and Shaw, C and Johnston, C F and Thim, L and Buchanan, K D} } @article {1869, title = {Index to species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae. Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae}, journal = {The Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {29}, year = {1991}, chapter = {25-102}, author = {Robert E. Ogren and Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1755, title = {Methods for taxonomic and distributional studies of terrestrial flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola)}, volume = {227}, year = {1991}, pages = {349 - 352}, abstract = {

Traditionally used methods for collecting and preserving terrestrial flatworms have proved deficient in various respects. Comparison of methods for preparing these animals for taxonomic study has shown that preservation of morphological characters can best be achieved using formaldehyde-calcium-cobalt fixative and subsequent storage in an aqueous solution of propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol and that the best-lasting histological preparations make use of light-fast, oxidation-resistant dyes and synthetic mounting media with an anti-oxidant.

}, isbn = {1573-5117}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027621}, author = {Leigh Winsor} } @article {1756, title = {A provisional classification of Australian terrestrial geoplanid flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola: Geoplanidae)}, journal = {Victorian Naturalist}, volume = {109}, year = {1991}, pages = {42-49}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40009694$\#$page/42/mode/1up}, author = {Leigh Winsor} } @article {1864, title = {Index to species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae}, journal = {The Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {28}, year = {1990}, pages = {79-166}, author = {Robert E. Ogren and Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {JZO:JZO609, title = {Morphological and biochemical variation in populations of Dugesia (G.) tigrina (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Paludicola) from the western Mediterranean: biogeographical and taxonomical implications}, journal = {Journal of Zoology}, volume = {218}, number = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {609{\textendash}626}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

Dugesia (Girardia) tigrina is a Nearctic freshwater triclad native to North America, now amply distributed in most European countries as the result of a reportedly unique introduction into north-west Europe early this century and its dispersal southwards and eastwards in the last decades. All European populations described so far are externally spotted, with a pigmented pharynx, and, apart from two sexual populations recently described in England, they are fissiparous. This uniformity contrasts with the variability reported in its native area, thus supporting the hypothesis of a single introduction. However, thorough morphological, karyological and biochemical comparative studies of European populations have never been properly done.We have undertaken such a study comparing 24 populations present in a restricted area of the western Mediterranean. The results show an unexpectedly ample variation in external and pharyngeal pigmentation patterns, the presence of sexually reproducing populations, and ample variation in their biochemical patterns as revealed by isoelectric-focusing. This is an indication that European Dugesia (G.) tigrina is far more diverse than previously thought, suggesting that several, independent introductions from its native area have recently occurred, and the implications of these findings in biogeographical and taxonomic terms are discussed.

}, issn = {1469-7998}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb05003.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb05003.x}, author = {Maria Ribas and Marta Riutort and Jaume Bagu{\~n}{\`a}} } @article {1793, title = {Revised list of the North American freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Paludicola)}, journal = {Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology}, year = {1989}, url = {https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/5289/SCtZ-0476-Hi_res.pdf?sequence=1\&isAllowed=y}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1765, title = {Sperm resorption in triclads (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {Invertebrate Reproduction and Development}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {89-95}, abstract = {

Triclads use the excess of spermatozoa received from the partner during copulation as an additional source of nutritive material. Digestion of sperm takes place in various sperm resorptive organs, such as the copulatory bursa, lateral bursae, spermiduct, resorptive vesicles, and oviducal tubae. Sperm resorptive organs may concern either newly evolved organs, or result from a change of function in an already existing structure.

}, doi = {10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, author = {Ronald Sluys} } @article {1662, title = {Development of macrociliary cells in Beroe. I. Actin bundles and centriole migration}, volume = {89}, year = {1988}, month = {1988//}, author = {Tamm, S. and Tamm, S. L.} } @article {1856, title = {A new, disjunct species of triclad flatworm (Turbellaria : Tricladida) from a spring in southern New England}, journal = {Biological Bulletin}, volume = {175}, year = {1988}, month = {10/1988}, pages = {246-252}, author = {Smith, D.G.} } @article {1759, title = {Reproductive ecology of Dendrocoelum lacteum (Turbellaria) in a rapid stream in southern Sweden and comparisons with a lake population}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {132}, year = {1986}, pages = {273-277}, author = {Herrmann, J.} } @article {1526, title = {Chemotaxis in the Freshwater Planarian, Dugesia japonica japonica}, volume = {2}, year = {1985}, month = {1985//}, author = {Miyamoto, S. and Shimozawa, A.} } @article {1745, title = {A note on the morphology of Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, and Bipalium adventitium Hyman, 1943 (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola)}, journal = {The Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College. Ser. II}, volume = {23}, year = {1985}, pages = {85-100}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1657, title = {Ultrastructure and ATPase activity of the centriolar body at the mitotic stage in neoblasts of the planarian Dugesia sp}, volume = {93}, year = {1985}, month = {1985//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259445}, author = {Sakai-Wada, A. and Mukaidani, C.} } @article {1814, title = {The morphology and reproduction of a new species of Atrioplanaria de Beauchamp (Turbellaria: Tricladida) from Israel}, journal = {Israel Journal of Zoology}, volume = {32}, year = {1984}, pages = {171-184}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00212210.1983.10688545}, author = {Heather J. Bromley} } @article {1785, title = {A new species of land planarian from Madeira Portugal (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Tricladida)}, journal = {Journal of Zoology}, volume = {201}, year = {1983}, month = {12/1983}, pages = {433{\textendash}443}, abstract = {

Kontikia bulbosa sp. nov. is described. The species is characterized by an intrapenial papilla, dilatations of the vasa deferentia, and a number of bulbous structures projecting from the atrial wall. K. bulbosa differs from the known representatives of its genus in that it has no annular zone of parenchymal longitudinal muscles, but only a ventral layer of these muscles. It is proposed that Froehlich\&$\#$39;s (1955) definition of the genus be adapted so that it also includes Geoplana species with only a ventral layer of parenchymal longitudinal muscles. G. mexicana Hyman, 1939 fulfills the new requirements of Kontikia and, consequently, is transferred to this genus. K. bulbosa was found on Madeira; its occurrence on this island is probably due to passive dispersal.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05069.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05069.x/full}, author = {Ronald Sluys} } @article {1702, title = {Vomiting of land planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) ingested by cats}, journal = {Aust Vet J}, volume = {60}, year = {1983}, month = {1983 Sep}, pages = {282-3}, keywords = {Animals, Cat Diseases, Cats, planarians, Turbellaria, Vomiting}, issn = {0005-0423}, author = {Winsor, L} } @article {1825, title = {Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of North America. XIV. Polycelis monticola, new species, from the Sierra Nevada Range in California}, journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington}, volume = {95}, year = {1982}, pages = {567-570}, author = {Romank Kenk and Hamptom, AM} } @article {1770, title = {Observations on the biology of cave planarians of the United States}, journal = {International Journal of Speleology}, volume = {12}, year = {1982}, pages = {9-26}, url = {http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1420\&context=ijs}, author = {Jerry H. Carpenter} } @article {1767, title = {Taxonomy, environment and reproduction in freshwater triclads (Turbellaria: Tricladida)}, journal = {International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction}, volume = {5}, year = {1982}, pages = {107-113}, abstract = {

The reproductive methods employed by freshwater triclads are briefly reviewed, and the origins and success of asexual reproduction in the Dugesiidae and Planariidae discussed. Evidence is presented to show that reproduction and environment are linked, and it is proposed that asexual reproduction can only persist in environments where biotic stress is low.

}, doi = {10.1080/01651269.1982.10553460}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01651269.1982.10553460}, author = {Malcolm Beveridge} } @article {1694, title = {Properties of a collagenolytic enzyme from Bipalium kewense}, volume = {661}, year = {1981}, month = {1981/10/13}, pages = {213 - 220}, abstract = {

A collagenolytic enzyme from the land planarian Bipalium kewense has been purified by preparative isoelectric focusing. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 47 000 \± 2 000 and appears to be dimeric. It has an isoelectric point of 4.6 \± 0.1 and a high content of acidic amino acids. The amino acid composition of the Bipalium collagenase is similar to that of human skin fibroblast collagenases but clearly different from previously reported collagenolytic proteases from other invertebrates, Uca pugilator and Hypoderma lineatum. In its action on guinea-pig collagen, the enzyme produces distinct products, at low incubation temperatures, different from those produced by vertebrate and other invertebrate collagenolytic enzymes. These products have glycine as their N-terminal amino acids. As determined by viscosity measurements, the Bipalium collagenase is more active on invertebrate, earthworm, collagen than it is on the vertebrate, Type I guinea-pig skin, collagen. The Bipalium collagenase differs from both bacterial and vertebrate collagenases as well as from invertebrate, collagenolytic serine proteases.

}, keywords = {(Bipalium kewense), Amino acid composition, Collagen, Collagenase}, isbn = {0005-2744}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005274481900061}, author = {Landsperger, William J. and Peters, Erwin H. and Dresden, Marc H.} } @article {1838, title = {Freshwater planarians from Colombia and a revision of Fuhrmann{\textquoteright}s types}, journal = {Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde }, volume = {50}, year = {1980}, pages = {235-242}, author = {Ian R. Ball} } @article {1700, title = {Pseudoparasitism of domestic and native animals by geoplanid land planarians}, journal = {Aust Vet J}, volume = {56}, year = {1980}, month = {1980 Apr}, pages = {194-6}, abstract = {

Three cases of pseudoparasitism of a pullet, Pygmy possum and domestic cat by geoplanid land planarians are reported. Unlike similar reports from Japan and America, there is no implication of gastrointestinal pseudoparasitism in these Australian cases. It is believed that the incidents described arose from accidental attachment of land planarians to the animals concerned.

}, keywords = {Animals, Cat Diseases, Cats, Chickens, Opossums, Parasitic Diseases, Parasitic Diseases, Animal, planarians, Poultry Diseases}, issn = {0005-0423}, author = {Winsor, L} } @article {1707, title = {Predation on snails by three species of triclad and its bearing on the distribution of Planaria torva in Britain}, journal = {Journal of Zoology}, volume = {189}, year = {1979}, month = {1979}, pages = {459 - 484}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

Dugesia polychroa, D. lugubris and Planaria torva preyed upon snails of differing morphologies and while the Dugesia spp. fed approximately in proportion to snail abundance, PL torva was more selective on Potamopyrgus jenkinsi. The incidence of feeding on four snail taxa by the Dugesia spp. was significantly correlated and differed strikingly from that of PI. torva where feeding was related to its annual life cycle. Large peaks of feeding coincided in the Dugesia spp. for the four snail types; this was attributed to snail vulnerability being increased by environmental disturbance. Comparison of feeding by Dugesia spp. in the presence and absence of PI. torva indicated that severe competition was occurring for food with PI. torva having a food refuge in P. jenkinsi. The distribution of PI. torva in Britain is largely confined to productive habitats in the Glasgow-Edinburgh and East Anglia regions. It is concluded that historical rather than ecological events have played the major part in its distribution to date. The strong association of PL torva with port areas and the canal system suggests that it is a recent introduction via the timber trade with Fennoscania.

}, isbn = {1469-7998}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03974.x}, author = {Reynoldson, T. B. and Piearce, Bronwen} } @article {1559, title = {A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila}, volume = {276}, year = {1978}, month = {1978//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/276565a0}, author = {Lewis, E. B.} } @article {1701, title = {Oblique illumination and interference contrast microscopy aids in the taxonomic histology of land planarians.}, journal = {Mikroskopie}, volume = {34}, year = {1978}, month = {1978 Dec}, pages = {319-21}, keywords = {Animals, Microscopy, Interference, Microscopy, Phase-Contrast, planarians, Turbellaria}, issn = {0026-3702}, author = {Winsor, L} } @article {1823, title = {Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of North America, IX. The genus Sphalloplana}, journal = {Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology}, volume = {246}, year = {1977}, pages = {1-38}, url = {https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/5344/SCtZ-0246-Lo_res.pdf?sequence=2}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1815, title = {Atrioplanaria morisii n. sp., a new cave planarian from Italy}, journal = {Bollettino di zoologia}, volume = {44}, year = {1977}, pages = {327-335}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250007709429272}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11250007709429272}, author = {Mario Benazzi and Nicole Gourbault} } @article {1836, title = {Dugesia jenkinsae n. sp., a fresh-water triclad (Turbellaria) from Texas}, journal = {Transactions of the American Microscopical Society}, volume = {96}, year = {1977}, pages = {540-543}, url = {http://planarias.each.usp.br/system/artigos/169/original/Benazzi___Gourbault_1977_-_Dugesia_jenkinsae_n._sp.__a_fresh-water_triclad_(Turbellaria)_from_Texas.pdf}, author = {Mario Benazzi and Nicole Gourbault} } @article {1813, title = {Karyological Study of the Genus Atrioplanaria Tricladida}, journal = {Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale}, volume = {118}, year = {1977}, pages = {53-62}, author = {Nicole Gourbault and Mario Benazzi} } @article {1837, title = {Karyology of Dugesia arizonensis Turbellaria Tricladida}, journal = {Caryologia}, volume = {30}, year = {1977}, pages = {63-68}, author = {Nicole Gourbault} } @article {1732, title = {Septate junctions in the cephalic epidermis of Turbellarians (Bipalium)}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, volume = {184}, year = {1977}, month = {1977 Nov 07}, pages = {423-5}, abstract = {

In the epidermis of turbellarians septate junctions of the pleated sheet type have been demonstrated in conventional thin sections and freeze fractured preparations. The structure of these junctions entirely agrees with that found in molluscs and arthropods.

}, keywords = {Animals, Epidermis, Freeze Fracturing, Intercellular Junctions, Microscopy, Electron, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Turbellaria}, issn = {0302-766X}, author = {Storch, V and Welsch, U} } @article {1706, title = {The food of Planaria torva (M{\"u}ller) (Turbellaria-Tricladida), a laboratory and field study}, journal = {Freshwater Biology}, volume = {6}, year = {1976}, month = {1976}, pages = {383 - 393}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

The food of Planaria torva was examined in the laboratory by exposing a range of potential prey to the triclad and observing prey mortality. Under these conditions P. torva fed mainly upon tubificid oligochaetes and gastropods. The former activity was regarded as untypical of the field situation and due to limitations of the laboratory habitat. The food of P. torva was determined in the field by taking monthly samples from October 1967 to May 1969 of a population living in Linlithgow Loch, West Lothian, Scotland. A serological technique was used to examine the gut contents of the field triclads. For reasons explained in the text, the prey organisms tested for serologically were gastropods, oligochaetes (Tubificidae), Asellus and chironomid larvae. Planaria torva fed most extensively on Gastropoda, Asellus was the second main food while Tubificidae and Chironomidae were taken only seasonally and in small numbers. The limited extent of feeding on tubificids supports the laboratory data. Small P. torva gave proportionately fewer positive reactions to the prey antisera than large individuals. This was explained by the fact that small individuals occurred most frequently in the warmer months and took smaller meals; both of these features shorten the detection period of food in the gut and therefore give fewer reactions. The diet of small and large P. torva was similar in the field and showed considerable overlap with that of Dugesia polychroa. The food of Polycelis tenuis, Dendrocoelum lacteum and Dugesia polychroa in Linlithgow Loch was described on an annual basis and the results confirmed earlier observations.

}, isbn = {1365-2427}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1976.tb01623.x}, author = {Reynoldson, T. B. and SEFTON, A. D.} } @article {1636, title = {BALD-2: a mutation affecting the formation of doublet and triplet sets of microtubules in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii}, volume = {66}, year = {1975}, month = {1975//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.66.3.480}, author = {Goodenough, U. W. and StClair, H. S.} } @article {1711, title = {Genesis, composition and fate of cortical granules in the eggs of Polycelis nigra (Turbellaria, Tricladida).}, journal = {J Ultrastruct Res}, volume = {50}, year = {1975}, month = {1975 Feb}, pages = {277-83}, keywords = {Animals, Cytoplasmic Granules, Female, Fertilization, Glycoproteins, Golgi Apparatus, Histocytochemistry, Microscopy, Electron, Ovum, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Turbellaria}, issn = {0022-5320}, author = {Gremigni, V and Domenici, L} } @article {1527, title = {Cephalic mechanism for social control of fissioning in planarians. II. Localization and identification of the receptors by electron micrographic and ablation studies}, volume = {5}, year = {1974}, month = {1974//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480050506}, author = {Pigon, A. and Morita, M. and Best, J. B.} } @article {1668, title = {The Distribution, Abundance, Feeding Habits, and Population Biology of the Immigrant Triclad Dugesia polychroa (Platyhelminthes: turbellaria) in Toronto Harbour, Canada}, volume = {43}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = { - 699681}, publisher = {[Wiley, British Ecological Society]}, abstract = {(1) The feeding habits, distribution, abundance and population biology of the immigrant triclad Dugesia polychroa have been studied over a period of 20 months. (2) Using serological techniques, it was found that the food sources of D. polychroa were the tubificid oligochaetes (84.4\%) the gastropods (12.0\%) and the isopods and amphipods (3.6\%). (3) The distribution of D. polychroa in Toronto Harbour was limited, not by food but by gross pollution, to the highly enriched areas around the islands of the harbour complex. (4) The abundance of D. polychroa was estimated at 2220/m2. (5) The weight and length D. polychroa followed a typical allometric growth curve. (6) The triclad population exhibited a yearly maximum and minimum size. The maxima, in August, were characterized by a maximum mean individual length, maximum biomass percentage and a maximum proportion of adults. This was followed by a rapid decline to minima which were characterized by a minimum mean length, and biomass percentage. The minima were followed by a period of growth that was initially slow, halted over the winter period and then became very rapid from spring through to the maxima. The length of the breeding period was 10 weeks. (7) In Toronto D. Polychroa exhibited different feeding habits, related to both the differing relative abundance of the food source and different inter-specific competitors, from those of D. polychroa in Britain. (8) The population abundance was consistent with the levels of food sources, which were considerably higher than those found in Britain. (9) The fecundity estimates and the characteristic maxima and minima of the Toronto population were similar to those exhibited by D. polychroa in Britain, but differed in the rate of growth and reproduction, the rate of decline from the maxima to the minima of size, the length of the breeding period and the maximum, but not the total, observed young. The magnitude of these differences, which were in the order of X2.5-3, showed a relationship to temperature. (10) The population biology of D. polychroa in the two differing environments was remarkably similar although temperature-dependent, thus supporting the concept of self-regulatory dynamics.}, isbn = {00218790, 13652656}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3531}, author = {Boddington, M. J. and Mettrick, D. F.} } @article {1852, title = {Additional notes on freshwater planarians from Lake Tahoe in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in North America}, journal = {Bulletin of the Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {11}, year = {1973}, pages = {67}, url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/contents110008426002.pdf?id=ART0009676963}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1693, title = {A collagenase in extracts of the invertebrate Bipalium kewense}, journal = {Biochemical Journal}, volume = {133}, year = {1973}, month = {1973/06/}, pages = {329 - 334}, abstract = {

The localization, isolation and partial characterization of a collagenolytic enzyme from the land planarian Bipalium kewense is described. This enzyme can be obtained by direct extraction of the organism, and can be separated from non-collagenous proteolytic activity by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation and Sephadex-gel chromatography. Its mode of attack on collagen and sensitivity to a variety of inhibitors indicate that this enzyme differs from vertebrate collagenases and a previously described invertebrate collagenase. IMAGES:

}, isbn = {0264-60211470-8728}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1177702/}, author = {Phillips, Julius and Dresden, Marc H} } @article {1839, title = {Freshwater cavernicole planarians from Mexico: New troglobiotic and troglophilic Dugesia from caves of the Sierra de Guatemala}, journal = {Annales de Sp{\'e}l{\'e}ologie}, volume = {27}, year = {1973}, pages = {639-681}, author = {Robert W. Mitchell and Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1713, title = {The effects of electrofishing on the invertebrates of a Lake District stream}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {9}, year = {1972}, month = {1972 Mar}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {

The experiments were performed in Dale Park Beck, a stony stream in the English Lake District. Two operators electrofished the sampling area (length 20 m in April and July 1970, and 40 m in May 1971) three times (runs 1, 2, 3) in each experiment.Electrofishing caused a marked increase in the number of invertebrates drifting out of the sampling area, and nearly all taxa taken in the bottom samples were also found in the drift samples. The fish shocker was chiefly responsible for the increased drifting of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Gammarus pulex, and these taxa were dislodged from the substratum more easily than Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Polycelis felina. The increased drifting of the latter taxa was chiefly due to the disturbance of the substratum by the two operators.Most of the invertebrates drifting from the upstream end of the experimental section returned to the bottom within the sampling area. The invertebrate drift out of the sampling area came chiefly from the downstream end of the section, and was equivalent to a loss of only 5\% from the total benthos in the sampling area (losses varied between \<1 and 13\% for individual taxa).

}, issn = {1432-1939}, doi = {10.1007/BF00345239}, author = {Elliott, J M and Bagenal, T B} } @book {1749, title = {Freshwater planarians (Turbellaria) of North America}, series = {Biota of freshwater ecosystems identification manual no. 1.}, year = {1972}, publisher = {Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, organization = {Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4020}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4020$\#$/summary}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1818, title = {Recherches sur les triclades paludicoles hypog{\'e}s}, journal = {Memoires du Mus{\'e}um National d{\textquoteright}Histoire Naturelle (Paris), nouvelle s{\'e}rie, s{\'e}rie A (Zoologie)}, volume = {73}, year = {1972}, pages = {1-249, 1 map, plates 1}, author = {Nicole Gourbault} } @article {1714, title = {The responses to current flow of two stream dwelling triclads, Crenobia alpina (Dana) and Polycelis felina (Dalyell)}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {10}, year = {1972}, month = {1972 Dec}, pages = {313-320}, abstract = {

An apparatus is described which allows triclads to choose between the fast and slow regions of a stirred tank. In the absence of a stone substratum Crenobia alpina preferred or tolerated higher current speeds than Polycelis felina, this effect was enhanced when a stone substratum was added to the apparatus. These results indicate that the absence of Polycelis felina from the steep gradient regions of streams could be accounted for by its preference for slower micro-currents. Conversely the presence of Crenobia alpina in steep gradient regions could be accounted for by its preference for or tolerance to higher micro-currents.

}, issn = {1432-1939}, doi = {10.1007/BF00345735}, author = {Lock, Maurice A} } @article {1709, title = {Terrestrial turbellarians (Tricladida: Bipaliidae) as pseudoparasites of man.}, journal = {J Parasitol}, volume = {58}, year = {1972}, month = {1972 Jun}, pages = {444-6}, keywords = {Aged, Diagnosis, Differential, Dysentery, Amebic, Feces, Female, Georgia, Helminthiasis, Hemorrhage, Humans, Infant, Japan, Male, Rectal Diseases, Respiratory Tract Infections, Turbellaria}, issn = {0022-3395}, author = {Walton, B C and Yokogawa, M} } @article {1632, title = {Centriole morphogenesis in developing ciliated epithelium of the mouse oviduct}, volume = {51}, year = {1971}, month = {1971//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.51.1.286}, author = {Dirksen, E. R.} } @article {1712, title = {The distances travelled by drifting invertebrates in a Lake District stream}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {6}, year = {1971}, month = {1971 Dec}, pages = {350-379}, abstract = {

The distances travelled by drifting invertebrates of 18 taxa were investigated at sites 3 and 4 in the Wilfin Beck, a small stony stream in the English Lake District. Fifty invertebrates of the same taxon were released into the stream at increasing distances upstream from a large net which caught all invertebrates drifting downstream.The relationship between the catch in the net (Y x ) and the distance from the release point to the net (X m) was well described by the regression equation:[Formula: see text] whereR is the constant relative rate of return of invertebrates to the bottom of the stream, andA=Y 0=number of invertebrates released at each point=50. Values ofR, the mean drift distance ([Formula: see text] m), and the distance (X p m) travelled byP\% (1\%, 10\%, 50\%) of the drifting invertebrates were calculated for each taxon at different modal water velocities. Values ofR,[Formula: see text] andX p were fairly constant for each taxon at a particular modal water velocity, and were not significantly affected by the source of the experimental animals (benthos or drift), by changes in illumination (daylight or darkness), or by seasonal changes, including water temperature.The experimental taxa at site 4 were divided into the following three groups according to their ability to return to the bottom: 1. Polycelis felina, Ancylus fluviatilis, Chironomidae, Eliminthidae, andAmphinemura sulcicollis. Values ofR,[Formula: see text],X p not significantly different from those obtained for dead invertebrates, which were removed from the drift by chance effects. 2. Protonemura meyeri, Leuctra spp.,Chloroperla spp.,Rhithrogena semicolorata, Simulium spp. Values ofR,[Formula: see text],X p not significantly different from those obtained for dead invertebrates at modal water velocities ≧19 cm/sec. At low velocities (10-12 cm/sec),R was significantly greater and[Formula: see text],X p significantly smaller than values obtained for dead invertebrates. 3. Erpobdella octoculata, Gammarus pulex, Hydropsyche spp.,Ecdyonurus venosus, Ephemerella ignita, Ba\ëtis rhodani. Values ofR,[Formula: see text],X p significantly different (R greater,[Formula: see text] andX p smaller) from those obtained for dead invertebrates. The exponential law was not a good model for experiments with cased caddis larvae (Agapetus fuscipes and a mixed group ofSericostoma personatum, Drusus annulatus, Potamophylax cingulatus). Larvae sank rapidly after release and drifted over very short distances.Values ofR for each taxon were significantly higher at site 3 than at site 4, and the more rapid return at site 3 was presumably due to dense stands of aquatic macrophytes. The increase inR was greatest forSimulium spp. andE. ignita.The relationship between[Formula: see text] and modal water velocity (V cm/sec) was well described by the regression equation:[Formula: see text] wherea andb are constants. The relationship betweenR andV, orX p andV, was described by similar equations. Values ofa andb were calculated for each taxon at sites 3 and 4.The drift distance was also investigated by blocking the total drift and taking drift samples at several stations downstream from the blockage. Drift rate was markedly reduced immediately below the blockage and then gradually increased downstream until it was similar to that recorded before blocking. The mathematical model developed from the detailed experiments was a good fit to the results of the blocking experiments.The behaviour of the drifting invertebrates and their ability to return to the bottom are discussed. From the results of the present study and those of other workers, it is concluded that the mathematical model is a good model for invertebrate drift. The implications of the model are discussed, especially the relationship between drift rate and water velocity, and the proportion of the benthos in the drift.

}, issn = {1432-1939}, doi = {10.1007/BF00389109}, author = {Elliott, J M} } @article {1841, title = {Cura azteca, nuova specie di planaria del Messico}, journal = {Rend Accad Naz Lincei Ser VIII}, volume = {50}, year = {1971}, pages = {477-481}, author = {Mario Benazzi and Giannini, E.} } @article {1763, title = {Coefficients thermiques et ecologie de quelques planaires d{\textquoteright}eau douce 4: La reproduction de Dugesia gonocephala}, journal = {Annales de Limnologie}, volume = {6}, year = {1970}, pages = {293-304}, url = {https://www.limnology-journal.org/articles/limn/pdf/1970/03/limn197063p293.pdf}, author = {Patt{\'e}e, E} } @article {1842, title = {Freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of North America. II. New or little known species of Phagocata}, journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington}, volume = {83}, year = {1970}, pages = {13-34}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1811, title = {Cavernicolous Triclades of the Pyrenees III Contribution to the Study of Atrioplanaria Atrioplanaria delamarei new species}, journal = {Annales de Speleologie}, volume = {24}, year = {1969}, pages = {377-385}, author = {Nicole Gourbault} } @article {1727, title = {Chromosome number and ploidy-level in a Dutch population of Crenobia alpina Dana (Planaria)}, journal = {Genetica}, volume = {40}, year = {1969}, month = {1969}, pages = {61-4}, keywords = {Animals, Chromosomes, Diploidy, Mitosis, polyploidy, Turbellaria}, issn = {0016-6707}, author = {van der Linden, A G} } @article {1557, title = {A clonal analysis of determination in Antennapedia a homoeotic mutant of Drosophila melanogaster}, volume = {64}, year = {1969}, month = {1969//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.64.1.176}, author = {Postlethwait, J. H. and Schneiderman, H. A.} } @article {1820, title = {The endemic planarian Rimacephalus arecepta n. sp. (Tricladida, Paludicola)}, journal = {Zoologicheskii zhurnal}, volume = {48}, year = {1969}, pages = {1303-1308}, author = {Porfirjeva, N.A.} } @article {1531, title = {The mystery of the vanished citations: James McConnell{\textquoteright}s forgotten 1960s quest for planarian learning, a biochemical engram, and celebrity}, volume = {51}, year = {1969}, month = {1969//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.6.589}, author = {Rilling, M.} } @article {1726, title = {Spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis and sperm structure in Crenobia (Planaria) alpina (Dana)}, journal = {Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat}, volume = {97}, year = {1969}, month = {1969}, pages = {549-63}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Division, Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Flagella, Male, Microscopy, Phase-Contrast, Spermatozoa, Staining and Labeling, Turbellaria}, issn = {0340-0336}, author = {van der Linden, A G} } @article {JZO:JZO99, title = {The taxonomy, habitat and distribution of the freshwater triclad Planaria torva (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) in Britain}, journal = {Journal of Zoology}, volume = {157}, number = {1}, year = {1969}, pages = {99{\textendash}123}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

Planaria torva was described originally by O. F. M\üller in 1774 under the generic name Fasciola. The synonyms arising since have been critically evaluated and the many varied morphological descriptions of this species are reviewed. The identity of this species in Britain has been confirmed by detailed examination of external and internal anatomy and it is shown that Planaria torfrida, described from Britain by Perkins (1928), is a synonym of Planaria torva. Dugesia lugubris (Schmidt, 1862) is the species most likely to be confused with Planaria torva and convenient methods of separating these species are described. The validity of all available British records has been examined and new localities described. Planaria torva occurs in England, Scotland and Ireland but has a markedly discontinuous distribution. There are real concentrations of habitats in the Edinburgh and Glasgow areas where the species also forms a larger proportion of the triclad population than usual. The species is markedly eurytopic and occurs in a wide range of lotic and lentic habitats, although most of them are calcium rich by British standards. It is not yet possible to offer a sound explanation for these facts because the ecology of Planaria torva is insufficiently known.

}, issn = {1469-7998}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.1969.tb01691.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1969.tb01691.x}, author = {Ball, Ian R. and Reynoldson, T. B. and Warwick, T.} } @article {1821, title = {Turbellari{\'e}s Triclades end{\'e}miques nouveaux du lac d{\textquoteright}Ohrid}, journal = {Archiv f{\"u}r Hydrobiologie}, volume = {65}, year = {1969}, pages = {413-435}, author = {Stankovi{\'c}, S.} } @article {1764, title = {Coefficients thermiques et ecologie de quelques planaires d{\textquoteright}eau douce 2: Tol{\'e}rance de Dugesia gonocephala}, journal = {Annales de Limnologie}, volume = {4}, year = {1968}, pages = {99-104}, abstract = {

Pour D. gonocephala, les limites de survie ind\éfinie \à temp\érature constante et en eau agit\ée sont voisines de 20-21\° C. Par sa r\ésistance thermique comme par sa r\épartition dans la nature, cette esp\èce se montre remarquablement interm\édiaire entre Polycelis felina et Polycelis nigra.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/1968014}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BFE559A642FAF2A4AA9F435F4E740180/S0003408868000142a.pdf/coefficients_thermiques_et_ecologie_de_quelques_planaires_deau_douce_2_tolerance_de_dugesia_gonocephala.pdf}, author = {Patt{\'e}e, E} } @article {1803, title = {North American Triclad Turbellaria, 17: Freshwater planarians from Lake Tahoe}, journal = {Proceedings of the United States National Museum}, volume = {124}, year = {1968}, pages = {1-21}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/10191$\#$/summary}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1661, title = {Reconstructions of centriole formation and ciliogenesis in mammalian lungs}, volume = {3}, year = {1968}, month = {1968//}, author = {Sorokin, S. P.} } @article {1639, title = {The fine structure of sensory receptor processes in the auricular epithelium of the planarian, Dugesia tigrina}, volume = {82}, year = {1967}, month = {1967//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337119}, author = {Krugelis MacRae, E.} } @article {1760, title = {The distribution and abundance of lake-dwelling triclads - towards a hypothesis}, journal = {Advances in Ecological Research}, volume = {3}, year = {1966}, chapter = {1-71}, author = {Reynoldson, T. B.} } @article {1850, title = {A preliminary checklist of Invertebrates collected from Lake Tahoe, 1961-1964}, journal = {Occasional Papers - Biological Society of Nevada}, volume = {8}, year = {1966}, pages = {1-12}, author = {Frantz, T.C. and Cordone, A.J.} } @article {1517, title = {Observations on the fine structure of photoreceptor cells in the planarian Dugesia tigrina}, volume = {10}, year = {1964}, month = {1964//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(64)80013-7}, author = {MacRae, E. K.} } @article {1530, title = {Planaria: Memory Transfer through Cannibalism Reexamined}, volume = {146}, year = {1964}, month = {1964//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.146.3641.274}, author = {Hartry, A. L. and Keith-Lee, P. and Morton, W. D.} } @article {1849, title = {North American triclad Turbellaria. 16. Fresh-water planarians from the vicinity of Portland, Oregon}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, year = {1963}, pages = {1-5}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3378}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1789, title = {Some land planarians from Caribbean countries}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, year = {1962}, month = {10/1962}, pages = {1-25}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3423}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1710, title = {On the distribution of neoblasts of Dugesia lugubris (Turbellaria, Tricladida) before and during regeneration}, journal = {C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci}, volume = {250}, year = {1960}, month = {1960 Mar 28}, pages = {2465-7}, keywords = {Animals, Annelida, Asteraceae, planarians, Platyhelminths, regeneration, Turbellaria}, issn = {0001-4036}, author = {LENDER, T and GABRIEL, A} } @article {1773, title = {On South American Turbellaria}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci{\^e}ncias}, volume = {30}, year = {1958}, pages = {391-417}, url = {http://planarias.each.usp.br/system/artigos/4/original/Du_BoisReymond_Marcus_1958_On_South_American_Turbellaria.pdf}, author = {Eveline Du Bois-Reymond Marcus} } @article {1805, title = {Studies on the Probursalia (Freshwater Triclade) of Hokkaido. I. On two new species of the genus Dendrocoelopsis Kenk, D. lacteus and D. ezensis}, journal = {Bulletin of the Kyoto Gakugei University. Series B.}, year = {1958}, pages = {9-18}, author = {Ichikawa, A. and Okugawa, K.I.} } @article {1783, title = {Deux Dendrocoeles obscuricoles de la Region Pyreneenne}, journal = {Notes Biospeologiques}, volume = {11}, year = {1956}, pages = {133-140}, author = {Paul de Beauchamp} } @article {1529, title = {Classical conditioning in the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala}, volume = {48}, year = {1955}, month = {1955//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0041147}, author = {Thompson, R. and McConnell, J. V.} } @article {1822, title = {North American Triclad Turbellaria XIII. Three new Cave Planarians}, journal = {Proceedings of the United States National Museum}, volume = {103}, year = {1954}, pages = {563-573}, url = {http://biostor.org/reference/97202}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1833, title = {Some land planarians of the United States and Europe, with remarks on nomenclature}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, year = {1954}, pages = {1-21}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4911//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1667.pdf?sequence=1\&isAllowed=y}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1772, title = {Some South American Triclads}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci{\^e}ncias}, volume = {25}, year = {1953}, pages = {65-78}, url = {http://planarias.each.usp.br/system/artigos/100/original/Bois-ReymondMarcus1953-SOME_SOUTH_AMERICAN_TRICLADS.pdf}, author = {Eveline Du Bois-Reymond Marcus} } @article {1757, title = {Appunti sulla distribuzione dei Tricladi in Italia}, journal = {Italian Journal of Zoology }, volume = {22}, year = {1951}, pages = {149{\textendash}164}, author = {Mario Benazzi} } @book {1578, title = {The invertebrates vol 2: platyhelminthes and rhynchocoela the acoelomate bilateria. [S.l.]}, year = {1951}, month = {1951//}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, author = {Hyman, L. H.} } @article {1744, title = {On some Turbellarians from Sanshi, North China}, journal = {Zool. Mag., T{\^o}ky{\^o}}, volume = {59}, year = {1950}, pages = {188-190}, author = {Kato, K.} } @article {1729, title = {British species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes)}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {162}, year = {1948}, month = {1948 Oct 16}, pages = {620}, keywords = {Animals, Platyhelminths}, issn = {0028-0836}, author = {REYNOLDSON, T B} } @article {1824, title = {North American Triclad Turbellaria XI. New chiefly cavernicolous, Planarians}, journal = {The American Midland Naturalist Journal}, volume = {34}, year = {1945}, pages = {475-484}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1784, title = {Endemic and exotic land planarians in the United States with a discussion of necessary changes of names in the Rhynchodemidae}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, volume = {1241}, year = {1943}, month = {08/1943}, chapter = {1-21}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/4740}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1834, title = {A fresh-water triclad from Puerto Rico, Dugesia antillana, new species}, journal = {Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan.}, year = {1941}, url = {https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/56875/OP436.pdf?sequence=1\&isAllowed=y}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1794, title = {Digonoporus macroposthia nov. gen., nov. spec., ein neuer paludicoler Tricladentypus}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {136}, year = {1941}, pages = {18-24}, author = {An der Lan H} } @article {1699, title = {Native and introduced land planarians in the United States}, journal = {Science}, volume = {92}, year = {1940}, month = {1940 Aug 02}, pages = {105-6}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.92.2379.105}, author = {Hyman, L H} } @article {1810, title = {A new Dendrocoelum from Yugoslavia (Turbellaria Tricladida)}, journal = {Prirod Razpravo}, volume = {4}, year = {1940}, pages = {91-95}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1762, title = {Nuove osservazioni sul deter-minismo e sulla ereditarieta della riproduzione asessuale in una razza di Dugesia (Euplanaria) gonocephala}, journal = {Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bochicott }, volume = {11}, year = {1940}, pages = {25-31}, abstract = {

Asexual reproduction may continue for many years unceasingly, giving rise to an active multiplication of the studied race. From the agamic cultures some sexual specimens were obtained, with a fecundity inferior to the normal. This confirms that the asexual reproduction is probably determined by peculiar genetic factors.

}, author = {Mario Benazzi} } @article {1761, title = {Sulla sterilit{\'e} degli exxemplari ex-scissipara di Dugesia dorotocephala II}, journal = {Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bacheiott}, volume = {11}, year = {1940}, pages = {43-145}, author = {Mario Benazzi} } @article {1771, title = {New species of flatworms from North, Central, and South America}, journal = {Proceedings of the United States National Museum}, volume = {86}, year = {1939}, pages = {419-439}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7569365$\#$page/507/mode/1up}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1775, title = {Land Planarians from Yucatan}, journal = {Carnegie Institution of Washington publication}, volume = {491}, year = {1938}, pages = {23-32}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1769, title = {Studies on the morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of North American Triclad Turbellaria. VIII. Some cave planarians of the United States}, journal = {Transactions of the American Microscopical Society}, volume = {56}, year = {1937}, month = {10/1937}, pages = {457-477}, doi = {10.2307/3222667 }, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3222667?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1791, title = {Studies on the morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of North American Triclad Turbellaria. VII. The two species confused under the name Phagocata gracilis, the validity of the generic name Phagocata}, journal = {Transactions of the American Microscopical Society}, volume = {56}, year = {1937}, pages = {298-310}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1816, title = {Bemerkung zur Trikladenfauna Turkestans}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {115}, year = {1936}, pages = {76-80}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1874, title = {Planaria alpina Dana var alba nov. var.}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {112}, year = {1935}, pages = {264-268}, author = {EI van, Oye} } @article {1808, title = {Studies on the morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of North American triclad Turbellaria. VI. A new Dendrocoelid from Montana, Dendrocoelopsia vaginatus n. sp.}, journal = {Transactions of the American Microscopical Society }, volume = {54}, year = {1935}, pages = {338-345}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1779, title = {Studies on Virginian triclads}, journal = {Journal Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, volume = {51}, year = {1935}, pages = {79-133}, url = {http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jncas/id/1631}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1781, title = {Biospeologica 56. Turbellaries, Hirudinees, Branchiobdellides. (Deuxi{\`e}me serie)}, journal = {Archives de zoologie exp{\'e}rimentale et g{\'e}n{\'e}rale}, volume = {73}, year = {1932}, pages = {113-380}, author = {Paul de Beauchamp} } @article {1826, title = {Etudes sur l{\textquoteright}ecologie de la faune cavernicole. I. Observations meteorologiques et hydrologiques dans la Podpe{\v s}ka jama 1929-1931}, journal = {Prirodoslovne razprave Ljubljana}, volume = {1}, year = {1931}, pages = {5-24}, author = {Roman Kenk and Seliskar, A} } @article {1831, title = {Euplanaria cretica Meixner, eine Triklade mit eigentuamlichem Druesenorgan}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {92}, year = {1930}, pages = {247-253}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1817, title = {Die Suesswasser-Tricladen des Westbalkans und die zoogeographischen Probleme dieser Gegend}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere.}, volume = {53}, year = {1927}, pages = {591-674, 23 f., t. 7-9.}, author = {Stankovi{\'c}, S. and Kom{\'a}rek, J.} } @article {1830, title = {Eine eigentuemliche Verdoppelung des Kopulationsaparates bei Polycelis tenuis Ijima}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {72}, year = {1927}, pages = {243-249}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1829, title = {Une nouvelle Triclade paludicole de Slovenie}, journal = {Bulletin de l{\textquoteright}Association du mus{\'e}e de Slov{\'e}nie}, volume = {4-6}, year = {1926}, pages = {28-34}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1807, title = {Dendrocoelides spelaea n.sp., nov jamski triklad (Turbellaria, Tricladida) iz Slovenije}, journal = {"Rada" Jugosl akad znanosti u Zagrebu}, volume = {230}, year = {1925}, pages = {153-160}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1741, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der Genera Bipalium und Rhynchodemus}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Zool. Jb. Syst.)}, volume = {46}, year = {1923}, pages = {489-516 + Taf. 15}, author = {Karl Frieb} } @article {1828, title = {Die Entwicklung und Regeneration des Kopulations apparates der Planarien}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher}, volume = {45}, year = {1923}, pages = {213-250}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1827, title = {Die normale und regenerative Entwicklung des Copulationsapparates paludicoler Tricladen}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {54}, year = {1922}, pages = {235-237}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94946$\#$page/253/mode/1up}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1743, title = {Notes on some terrestrial planarians}, journal = {Annotationes zoologicae japonenses / Nihon dōbutsugaku ihō}, volume = {10}, year = {1922}, pages = {155-159}, author = {Toki{\"o} Kaburaki} } @article {1855, title = {On some Japanese freshwater triclads; with a note on the parallelism in their distribution in Europe and Japan}, journal = {Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo}, volume = {44}, year = {1922}, pages = {1-71}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30335$\#$page/285/mode/1up}, author = {Toki{\"o} Kaburaki} } @article {1742, title = {On the terrestrial planarians from Japanese territories}, journal = {The journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan = Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku kiyo. Rika.}, volume = {44}, year = {1922}, pages = {1-54 + pl. I}, author = {Toki{\"o} Kaburaki} } @article {1525, title = {Thigmotactic Reactions of the Fresh Water Turbellarian, Phagocata gracilis, Leidy}, volume = {37}, year = {1918}, month = {1918//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3222001}, author = {Weimer, B. R.} } @article {1873, title = {Rjabuschinskya schmidti n.g. n. spl, novyivid i rod Tricladida Paludicola iz{\textquoteright} Kamchatki}, journal = {Zoologicheskii zhurnal}, volume = {1}, year = {1916}, pages = {273-286}, author = {Zabusov, I.P.} } @article {1797, title = {Preliminary descriptions of some Japanese Triclada}, journal = {Annotationes zoologicae japonenses / Nihon dōbutsugaku ihō}, volume = {9}, year = {1916}, pages = {153-171}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/151938$\#$page/163/mode/1up}, author = {Isao Ijima and Toki{\"o} Kaburaki} } @book {1751, title = {Die Planarien des Baikal-Sees (Tricladen), systematisch, anatomisch und zoogoegraphisch bearbeitet}, series = {Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Expedition nach dem Baikal-See unter Leitung des Professors Alexis Korotneff in den Jahren 1900-1902 }, volume = {5}, year = {1912}, address = {Kiev and Berlin}, url = {https://archive.org/details/wissenschaftlich05koro}, author = {Korotnev, Aleksei Alekseevich} } @article {1865, title = {Planaires terrestres de Colombie. In Fuhrmann, O., and Eug. Mayor, voyage d{\textquoteright}exploration scientifique en Colombie}, journal = {Memoires de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Neuchateloise de Sciences Naturelles}, volume = {5}, year = {1912}, pages = {748-792}, author = {Fuhrmann, O.} } @article {1871, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis zentralasiatischer Tricladen}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r wissenschaftliche Zoologie}, volume = {98}, year = {1911}, pages = {31-67, pls. 5-7}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/208575$\#$page/57/mode/1up}, author = {Heinrich H. Seidl} } @article {1875, title = {Uber eine neue polypharyngeale Planarienart aus Montenegro (Planaria montenegrina n.sp.)}, journal = {Sitz. Ber. K. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. Prag}, year = {1904}, chapter = {1-43}, author = {Mrazek, A.} } @article {1505, title = {The movements and reactions of fresh-water planarians: A study in animal behaviour}, volume = {46}, year = {1903}, month = {1903//}, author = {Pearl, R.} } @book {1644, title = {Regeneration}, year = {1901}, month = {1901//}, publisher = {The Macmillan Company}, organization = {The Macmillan Company}, address = {New York}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.87895}, author = {Morgan, T. H.} } @article {1575, title = {Regeneration in planarians}, volume = {10}, year = {1900}, month = {1900//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02156347}, author = {Morgan, T. H.} } @article {1739, title = {Bestimmungsschluessel f{\"u}r die Indo-Malayischen Landplanarien}, journal = {Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg, Suppl{\'e}ment II}, year = {1898}, pages = {113-127}, url = {https://books.google.com/books/reader?id=WpUsAAAAYAAJ\&hl=es\&printsec=frontcover\&output=reader\&pg=GBS.PA109}, author = {Ludwig von Graff} } @article {1649, title = {Observations and experiments on regeneration in planarians}, volume = {5}, year = {1897}, month = {1897//}, author = {Randolph, H.} } @article {1860, title = {Notes on Turbellaria. 1. On the occurrence of Bipalium kewense (Moseley) in the United States. 2. On the Identity of Procotylus fluviatilis Leidy and Dendrocoelum lacteum Oersted}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {30}, year = {1896}, pages = {1046-1049}, author = {Woodworth, W.M.} } @article {1787, title = {Additional observations on the Victorian land planarians}, journal = {Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria}, year = {1892}, pages = {25-41}, author = {Dendy, A} } @article {1800, title = {Deux exp{\`e}ces nouvelles de Planari{\'e}s americaines}, journal = {Le Naturaliste }, volume = {13}, year = {1891}, pages = {80}, author = {Charles Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Girard} } @article {1853, title = {Zwei neue Arten von Bipalium}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {6}, year = {1883}, pages = {168}, author = {Loman, J.C.C.} } @article {1796, title = {{\"U}ber einige zum Teil neuen Arten von Platoden, Anneliden, Myriapoden und Crustaceen Sibiriens}, journal = {M{\'e}moires pr{\'e}sent{\'e}s {\`a} l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie imp{\'e}riale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg par divers Savans et dans ses assembl{\'e}es}, volume = {8}, year = {1858}, pages = {261-296}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114277$\#$page/311/mode/1up}, author = {Gerstfeldt, G.} } @article {1790, title = {Brief descriptions of several terrestrial planariae and of some remarkable marine species, with an account of their habits}, journal = {The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth{\textquoteright}s Magazine of Natural History}, volume = {14}, year = {1844}, pages = {241-251}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19582$\#$page/267/mode/1up}, author = {Charles Darwin} } @article {1891, title = {It is not all about regeneration: Planarians striking power to stand starvation}, pages = { - }, abstract = {AbstractAll living forms, prokaryotes as eukaryotes, have some means of adaptation to food scarcity, which extends the survival chances under extreme environmental conditions. Nowadays we know that dietary interventions, including fasting, extends lifespan of many organisms and can also protect against age-related diseases including in humans. Therefore, the capacity of adapting to periods of food scarcity may have evolved billions of years ago not only to allow immediate organismal survival but also to be able to extend organismal lifespan or at least to lead to a healthier remaining lifespan. Planarians have been the center of attention since more than two centuries because of their astonishing power of full body regeneration that relies on a large amount of adult stem cells or neoblasts. However, they also present an often-overlooked characteristic. They are able to stand long time starvation. Planarians have adapted to periods of fasting by shrinking or degrowing. Here we will review the published data about starvation in planarians and conclude with the possibility of starvation being one of the processes that rejuvenate the planarian, thus explaining the historical notion of non-ageing planarians. }, keywords = {Apoptosis, Autophagy, Degrowth, Fasting, Flatworm, Insulin, JNK, mTOR, planarian, Scale, Starvation, stem cell}, isbn = {1084-9521}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084952117301982}, author = {Felix, Daniel A. and Guti{\'e}rrez-Guti{\'e}rrez, {\'O}scar and Espada, Lilia and Thems, Anne and Gonz{\'a}lez-Est{\'e}vez, Cristina} } @article {1893, title = {Planarian regeneration between 1960s and 1990s: From skilful baffled ancestors to bold integrative descendants. A personal account}, pages = { - }, abstract = {AbstractScientific fields grow by accretion of knowledge brought up by succesive generations of scientists. With the field of planarian regeneration as a general background, here I give a personal account of it from the late 1960s until the late 1990s when new research groups, namely Americans, broke into it. After a short historical summary, I report how I got into regeneration, why I choose planarians, and most especially the finding and description of the current model organism Schmidtea mediterranea. Next, I concentrate on the quantitative cellular approaches to regeneration, growth, and degrowth undertaken in our lab in Barcelona, and the long struggle to set neoblasts as a totipotent/pluripotent heterogeneous population of mitotic and non-mitotic cells for homeostatic somatic cell renewal, reproduction, and blastema formation during regeneration. Finally, the first attempts by several labs to analyze regeneration in molecular terms (RNAs, proteins, mAbs, gene detection, cloning and expression) are also covered. Along this essay, I am honoured to pay due tribute to our forebears (ancestors) from Morgan and Child to the French School researchers. In spite of being often baffled by planarian {\textquoteleft}tricks{\textquoteright}, they struggled hard to find new techniques, new ways, and new ideas to tackle the main problems of regeneration, paving the way to those (descendants) that followed suit. }, keywords = {Growth, Neoblast, Pattern formation, planaria, regeneration, S. mediterranea}, isbn = {1084-9521}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084952117301994}, author = {BAGU{\~N}A, JAUME} }