@article {1894, title = {Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/05/22}, pages = {e4672}, abstract = {Background Species of the genera Bipalium and Diversibipalium, or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae), reaching length of 1 m; they are also easily distinguished from other land flatworms by the characteristic hammer shape of their head. Bipaliines, which have their origin in warm parts of Asia, are invasive species, now widespread worldwide. However, the scientific literature is very scarce about the widespread repartition of these species, and their invasion in European countries has not been studied. Methods In this paper, on the basis of a four year survey based on citizen science, which yielded observations from 1999 to 2017 and a total of 111 records, we provide information about the five species present in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories. We also investigated the molecular variability of cytochrome-oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens. Results Three species are reported from Metropolitan France: Bipalium kewense, Diversibipalium multilineatum, and an unnamed Diversibipalium {\textquoteleft}black{\textquoteright} species. We also report the presence of B. kewense from overseas territories, such as French Polynesia (Oceania), French Guiana (South America), the Caribbean French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barth{\'e}lemy, and Montserrat (Central America), and La R{\'e}union island (off South-East Africa). For B. vagum, observations include French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barth{\'e}lemy, Saint Martin, Montserrat, La R{\'e}union, and Florida (USA). A probable new species, Diversibipalium sp. {\textquoteleft}blue,{\textquoteright} is reported from Mayotte Island (off South{\textendash}East Africa). B. kewense, B. vagum and D. multilineatum each showed 0\% variability in their COI sequences, whatever their origin, suggesting that the specimens are clonal, and that sexual reproduction is probably absent. COI barcoding was efficient in identifying species, with differences over 10\% between species; this suggests that barcoding can be used in the future for identifying these invasive species. In Metropolitan south{\textendash}west France, a small area located in the Department of Pyr{\'e}n{\'e}es-Atlantiques was found to be a hot-spot of bipaliine biodiversity and abundance for more than 20 years, probably because of the local mild weather. Discussion The present findings strongly suggest that the species present in Metropolitan France and overseas territories should be considered invasive alien species. Our numerous records in the open in Metropolitan France raise questions: as scientists, we were amazed that these long and brightly coloured worms could escape the attention of scientists and authorities in a European developed country for such a long time; improved awareness about land planarians is certainly necessary. }, keywords = {Barcoding, Citizen science, France, Invasive alien species, Land planarian, Overseas French territories, Platyhelminthes}, isbn = {2167-8359}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4672}, author = {Justine,Jean-Lou and Winsor,Leigh and Gey,Delphine and Gros,Pierre and Th{\'e}venot,Jessica}, editor = {Riutort,Marta} } @article {1860, title = {Notes on Turbellaria. 1. On the occurrence of Bipalium kewense (Moseley) in the United States. 2. On the Identity of Procotylus fluviatilis Leidy and Dendrocoelum lacteum Oersted}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {30}, year = {1896}, pages = {1046-1049}, author = {Woodworth, W.M.} } @article {1853, title = {Zwei neue Arten von Bipalium}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {6}, year = {1883}, pages = {168}, author = {Loman, J.C.C.} } @article {1784, title = {Endemic and exotic land planarians in the United States with a discussion of necessary changes of names in the Rhynchodemidae}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, volume = {1241}, year = {1943}, month = {08/1943}, chapter = {1-21}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/4740}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1772, title = {Some South American Triclads}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci{\^e}ncias}, volume = {25}, year = {1953}, pages = {65-78}, url = {http://planarias.each.usp.br/system/artigos/100/original/Bois-ReymondMarcus1953-SOME_SOUTH_AMERICAN_TRICLADS.pdf}, author = {Eveline Du Bois-Reymond Marcus} } @article {1745, title = {A note on the morphology of Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, and Bipalium adventitium Hyman, 1943 (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola)}, journal = {The Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College. Ser. II}, volume = {23}, year = {1985}, pages = {85-100}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1741, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der Genera Bipalium und Rhynchodemus}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Zool. Jb. Syst.)}, volume = {46}, year = {1923}, pages = {489-516 + Taf. 15}, author = {Karl Frieb} } @article {1739, title = {Bestimmungsschluessel f{\"u}r die Indo-Malayischen Landplanarien}, journal = {Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg, Suppl{\'e}ment II}, year = {1898}, pages = {113-127}, url = {https://books.google.com/books/reader?id=WpUsAAAAYAAJ\&hl=es\&printsec=frontcover\&output=reader\&pg=GBS.PA109}, author = {Ludwig von Graff} } @article {1732, title = {Septate junctions in the cephalic epidermis of Turbellarians (Bipalium)}, journal = {Cell Tissue Res}, volume = {184}, year = {1977}, month = {1977 Nov 07}, pages = {423-5}, abstract = {

In the epidermis of turbellarians septate junctions of the pleated sheet type have been demonstrated in conventional thin sections and freeze fractured preparations. The structure of these junctions entirely agrees with that found in molluscs and arthropods.

}, keywords = {Animals, Epidermis, Freeze Fracturing, Intercellular Junctions, Microscopy, Electron, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Turbellaria}, issn = {0302-766X}, author = {Storch, V and Welsch, U} } @article {1709, title = {Terrestrial turbellarians (Tricladida: Bipaliidae) as pseudoparasites of man.}, journal = {J Parasitol}, volume = {58}, year = {1972}, month = {1972 Jun}, pages = {444-6}, keywords = {Aged, Diagnosis, Differential, Dysentery, Amebic, Feces, Female, Georgia, Helminthiasis, Hemorrhage, Humans, Infant, Japan, Male, Rectal Diseases, Respiratory Tract Infections, Turbellaria}, issn = {0022-3395}, author = {Walton, B C and Yokogawa, M} } @article {1698, title = {First report of the land planarian Diversibipalium multilineatum (Makino \& Shirasawa, 1983) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) in Europe.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4067}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 Jan 26}, pages = {577-80}, abstract = {

Introduction of alien species may significantly affect soil ecosystems, through predation or disruption of components of native ecosystems (Winsor et al. 2004; \Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014). Land planarians have been reported as alien species in soils throughout the world and, among those, some species are considered to be successful invaders, e.g. Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963, Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy, 1894), Bipalium adventitium Hyman, 1943, Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 and Dolichoplana striata Moseley, 1877 (Winsor et al. 2004; \Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014, 2015). Soil moisture status seems to be an important element for their successful invasion (Fraser \& Boag 1998). In Europe at least 18 species of alien land planarians have been recorded since now and some of them are considered as invasive ones, e.g. P. manokwari (cf. Justine et al. 2014). Although the alien land planarian B. kewense has been reported to occur in many greenhouses in Italy (Bello et al. 1995), no data are available on its establishment and/or impact on natural environments. On 28th September 2014, 20 specimens (~1 individual/m2) of the land planarian Diversibipalium multilineatum (Makino \& Shirasawa, 1983) (Fig. 1), native to Japan, were collected under pots, branches and plastic materials in a private garden located in the center of Bologna (Emilia Romagna, Central Italy), near the urban park Giardini Margherita (44\°29\&$\#$39; N, 11\°21\&$\#$39; E; WGS84). Thirty plant species (both indigenous and alien), mainly cultivated as bonsai (e.g. Lagerstroemia indica L., Juniperus procumbens (Siebold ex Endl.) Miquel), were present in this shady, wet garden (25 m2). Between March 2014 and June 2015, 70 more specimens of D. multilineatum were collected at the same site, mainly at dusk and dawn after rain. Reproduction by fission and regeneration processes were observed in several of those specimens, which were kept for some time in captivity. A specimen of D. multilineatum was also collected in a garden in L\éguevin (Haute-Garonne, France), which will be described in a forthcoming paper by Justine et al. (in prep.) (see also Kawakatsu et al. 2014). Specimens without a genital pore were initially ascribed to D. multilineatum on the basis of their external appearance: the dorsal surface was brownish yellow and presented five longitudinal stripes at the head plate and the neck, showing the typical appearance of the species. The middorsal stripe was widened at its anterior end, on the head plate, and at the pharynx level. The ventral pattern of the animals at the pharyngeal region was also characteristic, with the middorsal stripe widened at this level. The Italian Diversibipalium specimens used for the molecular analysis were fixed and preserved in absolute ethanol. Fragments of the mitochondrial gene COI and 28S ribosomal RNA nuclear gene (GenBank Acc. Numbers KU245358 and KU245357, respectively) were obtained using the procedure and COI primers described in \Álvarez-Presas et al. (2008) and Sol\à et al. (2013). The French specimen\&$\#$39;s COI (Specimen MNHN JL177, GenBank Acc. Number KT922162) was obtained as described in Justine et al. (2015). 28S sequences of 14 Bipaliinae specimens and four Microplana species (outgroup) retrieved from GenBank were included in the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 2). Sequence alignment was obtained by using the online software MAFFT version 7 (Katoh \& Standley 2013), while ambiguously aligned positions were removed using the program Gblocks (Talavera \& Castresana 2007) with default settings, excepting the minimum number of sequences for a flank position at the minimum value (set at 10) and with half of the allowed gap positions. The final alignment had a length of 1589 bp. We used two phylogenetic inference approaches: maximum likelihood (ML), using the RaxML 8.2.3 software (Stamatakis 2014), and Bayesian inferences (BI), using MrBayes 3.2.4 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The evolutionary model used, GTR+I+G, was estimated to be the best with the software jModeltest 2.1.7 (Darriba et al. 2012; Guindon \& Gascuel 2003), using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). MrBayes analyses were performed for 10-milion generation with sampling parameters every 103 and a 25\% default burn-in value for the final trees. Convergence of the two runs (average standard deviation of split frequencies \<\< 0.01) and likelihood stationarity were checked. The maximum likelihood analyses were performed under 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. The phylogenetic results show a close and highly supported relationship of the Italian Diversibipalium specimens with those from Japan and South Korea that have been identified as D. multilineatum (Fig. 2). Diversibipalium multilineatum is the sister-group of B. nobile Kawakatsu \& Makino, 1982, but with low support. The COI sequences of the French (MNHN JL177) and the Italian Diversibipalium specimens were compared in Geneious v. 8.0.5 (http://www.geneious.com, Kearse et al. 2012) and were found to be identical. These results indicate that the species introduced in both countries is the same, and most probably concerns the species D. multilineatum. The pathways of introduction of D. multilineatum are currently unknown, although a relationship between the horticultural trade and the introduction of alien land planarians is well known (\Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014 and references therein). Here we report the first occurrence of individuals of D. multilineatum outside Asia. The GenBank sequence of D. multilineatum from South Korea is not yet supported by a published description of the specimen, while it is debatable whether South Korea should be considered part of the natural range of D. multilineatum, which only seems to include Japan. In the present paper, we consider the South Korean animal to be an introduced specimen. Soil moisture status, temperature, and food availability are considered to be the main factors determining the presence of terrestrial planarians (Boag et al. 1998); the microclimatic conditions of the Italian garden were similar to plant nurseries and greenhouses, while an abundance of food was available, such as isopods [Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833)], oligochaetes [Dendrobaena attemsi (Michaelsen, 1902) and several juveniles of Lumbricus spp.] and gastropods [Cernuella cisalpina (Rossmassler, 1837), Cornu aspersum (O.F. M\üller 1774), Deroceras reticulatum (O.F. M\üller, 1774), Discus rotundatus (O.F. M\üller, 1774), Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758), Milax nigricans (Philippi, 1836), Papillifera papillaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Pomatias elegans (O.F. M\üller, 1774)]. Moreover, winter 2014 reached the highest temperatures and rainfall of the last two decades (source: CNR-ISAC, Bologna), thus favouring establishment and spread of D. multilineatum. The potential environmental impacts of some invasive flatworms are well documented (\Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014) and, even if these effects have not yet been assessed for D. multilineatum, the adoption of precautionary measures and of early intervention is here strongly recommended (Genovesi \& Shine 2004). Finally, knowledge of the introduction pathway(s), together with the analysis of prey preference and possible impact on the invertebrate fauna, will be essential to halt or at least to limit the spread of this introduced land flatworm.

}, keywords = {Animals, Biological Evolution, Body Size, Europe, phylogeny, planarians}, issn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4067.5.4}, author = {Mazza, Giuseppe and Menchetti, Mattia and Sluys, Ronald and Sol{\`a}, Eduard and Riutort, Marta and Tricarico, Elena and Justine, Jean-Lou and Cavigioli, Luca and Mori, Emiliano} } @article {1697, title = {Land flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) of S{\~a}o Tom{\'e}:~a first account on their diversity, with the description of five new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4221}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Jan 17}, pages = {zootaxa.4221.3.2}, abstract = {

The present contribution provides the first faunistic and taxonomic account of six species of land flatworm from the island of S\ão Tom\é, including five new species of the genus Othelosoma Gray, 1869 and the introduced Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878. One of the new species represents the first African land flatworm that has specks on its dorsal body surface, instead of stripes or a more or less uniform colouration. At least two of the new species were observed to prey on snails. The study details the fourth record of a sclerotic spermatophore in a species of land flatworm, and discusses the definition and homology of double female genital canals in African and Indian species of the genus Othelosoma.

}, issn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4221.3.2}, author = {Sluys, Ronald and Neumann, Matthias and Lima, Ricardo F DE and Drewes, Robert C} } @article {1696, title = {Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {e100718}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, USA}, abstract = {

The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) is known from a diverse array of taxa, but is unknown in terrestrial invertebrates. Tetrodotoxin is a low molecular weight compound that acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, inducing paralysis. However, the origins and ecological functions of TTX in most taxa remain mysterious. Here, we show that TTX is present in two species of terrestrial flatworm (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) using a competitive inhibition enzymatic immunoassay to quantify the toxin and high phase liquid chromatography to confirm the presence. We also investigated the distribution of TTX throughout the bodies of the flatworms and provide evidence suggesting that TTX is used during predation to subdue large prey items. We also show that the egg capsules of B. adventitium have TTX, indicating a further role in defense. These data suggest a potential route for TTX bioaccumulation in terrestrial systems.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070999/}, author = {Stokes, Amber N and Ducey, Peter K and Neuman-Lee, Lorin and Hanifin, Charles T and French, Susannah S and Pfrender, Michael E and Brodie, Edmund D and Brodie Jr, Edmund D}, editor = {Dickens, Joseph Clifton} } @article {1695, title = {Serotonin in the nervous system of the head region of the land planarian Bipalium kewense}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, month = {2003/12//}, pages = {479 - 486}, abstract = {

The presence and distribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) in the head region of the land planarian Bipalium kewense has been investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence technique combined with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), and also by immunogold labeling at ultrastructural level. Serotonin immunoreactivity (IR) was restricted to elements of the nervous system, such as the cerebral ganglion, and the peripheral nerve net. Most of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons are at the periphery of the brain; they were identified as unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons. The ultrastructural results using immunogold labeling confirm the location of 5-HT within electron-dense vesicles (50\–120 nm in diameter), clustered both in the cell bodies and in their processes. The intense 5-HT-IR herein demonstrated for B. kewense adds new data to the poorly studied nervous system of land planarians.

}, keywords = {Cephalic ganglion, Immunohistochemistry, Land planaria, Nervous system, Plathelminthes, Serotonin}, isbn = {0040-8166}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040816603000740}, author = {Fernandes, M.C and Alvares, E.P and Gama, P and Silveira, M} } @article {1694, title = {Properties of a collagenolytic enzyme from Bipalium kewense}, volume = {661}, year = {1981}, month = {1981/10/13}, pages = {213 - 220}, abstract = {

A collagenolytic enzyme from the land planarian Bipalium kewense has been purified by preparative isoelectric focusing. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 47 000 \± 2 000 and appears to be dimeric. It has an isoelectric point of 4.6 \± 0.1 and a high content of acidic amino acids. The amino acid composition of the Bipalium collagenase is similar to that of human skin fibroblast collagenases but clearly different from previously reported collagenolytic proteases from other invertebrates, Uca pugilator and Hypoderma lineatum. In its action on guinea-pig collagen, the enzyme produces distinct products, at low incubation temperatures, different from those produced by vertebrate and other invertebrate collagenolytic enzymes. These products have glycine as their N-terminal amino acids. As determined by viscosity measurements, the Bipalium collagenase is more active on invertebrate, earthworm, collagen than it is on the vertebrate, Type I guinea-pig skin, collagen. The Bipalium collagenase differs from both bacterial and vertebrate collagenases as well as from invertebrate, collagenolytic serine proteases.

}, keywords = {(Bipalium kewense), Amino acid composition, Collagen, Collagenase}, isbn = {0005-2744}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005274481900061}, author = {Landsperger, William J. and Peters, Erwin H. and Dresden, Marc H.} } @article {1693, title = {A collagenase in extracts of the invertebrate Bipalium kewense}, journal = {Biochemical Journal}, volume = {133}, year = {1973}, month = {1973/06/}, pages = {329 - 334}, abstract = {

The localization, isolation and partial characterization of a collagenolytic enzyme from the land planarian Bipalium kewense is described. This enzyme can be obtained by direct extraction of the organism, and can be separated from non-collagenous proteolytic activity by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation and Sephadex-gel chromatography. Its mode of attack on collagen and sensitivity to a variety of inhibitors indicate that this enzyme differs from vertebrate collagenases and a previously described invertebrate collagenase. IMAGES:

}, isbn = {0264-60211470-8728}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1177702/}, author = {Phillips, Julius and Dresden, Marc H} } @article {1691, title = {Natural History Observations on Bipalium cf. vagum Jones and Sterrer (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), a Terrestrial Broadhead Planarian New to North America}, journal = {Southeastern Naturalist}, volume = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = { - 460449}, publisher = {Eagle Hill Institute}, abstract = {

An increasing number of exotic terrestrial planarian species have established populations worldwide. In North America, the most prominent invasive flatworms are three members of the broadhead planarian genus Bipalium. Herein we report observations on the morphology, predatory behavior, and reproduction of Bipalium cf. vagum, new to this continent and report its occurrence in Florida and Texas. Individuals of this species have a distinctive combination of head shape and pattern of dark dorsal pigmentation (large head spots, complete collar, and prominent median stripe) that distinguishes them from other members of the genus. Although the other North American species of Bipalium feed on earthworms, B. cf. vagum feeds exclusively on terrestrial mollusks. Their predatory behavior includes following mucus trails and subduing the prey by capping the prey\&$\#$39;s head with the flatworm\&$\#$39;s anterior end and wrapping the prey\&$\#$39;s foot in the body of the planarian. Members of this species reproduce via egg capsules that contain small numbers of offspring. Because this is the first land planarian reported in North America that is a predator of mollusks, native land snails and slugs are unlikely to have effective defenses against it. Therefore, we should continue to monitor its geographic spread and potential ecological impact.

}, isbn = {15287092, 19385412}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4541040}, author = {Ducey, Peter K. and Matthew McCormick and Davidson, Elizabeth} } @book {410, title = {Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien)}, volume = {2}, year = {1899}, pages = {574}, publisher = {Wilhelm Engelmann}, organization = {Wilhelm Engelmann}, address = {Leipzig}, url = {http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/ebind/hdok/h07_turbellarien_2/XML/index.xml?part=thumb}, author = {Graff, L. von} } @article {436, title = {Studien {\"u}ber Turbellarien. I. Ueber die Vermehrung durch Quertheilung des Bipalium kewense Moseley.}, journal = {Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {1892}, pages = {1-42}, chapter = {1}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22309$\#$page/215/mode/1up}, author = {Bergendal, D.} } @article {420, title = {Description de quelques esp{\`e}ces nouvelles de Planaires terrestres de Ceylon}, journal = {Memoires de la Soci{\'e}t{\'e} de physique et d{\textquoteright}histoire naturelle de Gen{\`e}ve}, volume = {16}, year = {1862}, pages = {293-311}, chapter = {293}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50016$\#$page/7/mode/1up}, author = {Alo{\i}s Humbert and Edouard Clapar{\`e}de} } @article {714, title = {Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit et descripsit. Pars. I. Turbellaria Dendrocoela}, journal = {Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia}, volume = {9}, year = {1857}, pages = {19-31}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84745$\#$page/33/mode/1up}, author = {W. Stimpson} } @article {416, title = {Turbellari{\'e}s Triclades de l{\textquoteright}Inde M{\'e}ridionale}, journal = {Revue suisse de zoologie}, volume = {37}, number = {23}, year = {1930}, pages = {673-746}, chapter = {673}, author = {Beauchamp, P. de} } @article {23, title = {A revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 (Turbellaria: Tricladida:Terricola)}, journal = {Zool.J.Linn.Soc}, volume = {79}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {61-100}, chapter = {61}, author = {Leigh Winsor} } @article {40, title = {Additions and corrections of the previous land planarian indices of the world (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida, Terricola)}, journal = {Bull.Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {39}, number = {11}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {11-120}, chapter = {11}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Robert E. Ogren and Froehlich, E.M. and Sasakil, G.Y} } @article {31, title = {The genus Humbertium gen. nov., a new taxon of the land planarian family Bipaliidae (Tricladida, Terricola)}, journal = {Belg. J. Zool.}, volume = {131}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {201-204}, chapter = {201}, url = {http://www.naturalsciences.be/institute/associations/rbzs_website/bjz/back/pdf/BJZ\%20131\%28s1\%29/Volume\%20131\%28s1\%29,\%20pp.\%20201-204.pdf}, author = {Robert E. Ogren and Ronald Sluys} } @article {21, title = {Reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium adventitium across North America}, journal = {Pedobiologia}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {367-377}, chapter = {367}, abstract = {

Summary Comparisons between invasive species and their relatives can help in identifying traits that facilitate dispersal and colonization, and comparisons among populations within invasive species may highlight the roles of plasticity and evolutionary adaptation. Bipalium adventitium Hyman 1943 is an exotic, earthworm-eating soil flatworm that has become widespread and abundant in North America. As a first step in better understanding the ecology and evolution of this invasive planarian, we studied its reproductive traits in populations across its extensive geographic range and conducted an experiment on the effects of food availability. Colonization by B. adventitium is facilitated by hermaphroditism, sperm storage, and tough egg capsules containing multiple offspring, traits present in most Terricola. The egg capsules produced by B. adventitium were large (22.5\ mg), hatched in 7-37 days (mean=23 days), contained 1-8 offspring (mean=3.4), and represented about 21\% of a parent\’s predeposition mass. Many individuals produced multiple egg capsules. Although considerable intraspecific variation was detected for most reproductive parameters, significant differences among geographic populations were noted for egg capsule mass, mean offspring mass, and measures of total reproductive output. Intraspecific correlations between parent mass and the masses of egg capsules and offspring, and the results of our experiment showing that food availability affected egg capsule production, together suggest that thus far intra-population variation and plasticity have been more important than local evolutionary adaptation in the invasion of this species.

}, issn = {0031-4056}, doi = {10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.04.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7CW5-4GG2J91-1/2/2ba9658cf26c82e504d9178d4f2e4cb9}, author = {Ducey, Peter K. and West, Lori-Jeanne and Shaw, Gina and De Lisle, Jacquelyn} } @article {50, title = {Seven new species of land planarian from Japan and China (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Bipaliidae), with a morphological review of all Japanese bipaliids and a biogeographic overview of Far Eastern species}, journal = {Belgian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {135}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {53-77}, chapter = {53}, issn = {07776276 (ISSN)}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-31944447751\&partnerID=40}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Ronald Sluys and Robert E. Ogren} } @article {753, title = {Carnivore mollusks as natural enemies of invasive land flatworms}, journal = {Annals of Applied Biology}, volume = {161}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {127-131}, abstract = {

There are several records of the carnivorous behaviour of land flatworms, considered to be top-predators in their micro-habitats, by preying upon various species of invertebrates. However, there is little knowledge of predators on land-flatworms. The possible impact of invasive land flatworms on prey populations has caused widespread concern, when considering their predatory behaviour, combined with recent human influence on the distribution of certain species. This work is the first record of predation on land flatworms by a carnivorous snail. Various-sized land flatworms of 10 native species of the subfamily Geoplaninae, as well as the exotic species Bipalium kewense (subfamily Bipaliinae), were offered to Rectartemon depressus (Gastropoda, Streptaxidae), which accepted all. The predator also fed on the snail Bradybaena similaris. The snails were maintained in laboratory for an average period of 12?months based on a mixed diet of flatworms and B. similaris, suggesting that the snail is a polyphagous predator. Because certain land-flatworm species have been described as invasive species which may have a potential impact on prey populations in native and man-made ecosystems, it is proposed that carnivorous snails of other native species, as potential predators of flatworms, should be tested for possible use in biological control programmes of these invasive planarians.

}, issn = {0003-4746}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7348.2012.00556.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2012.00556.x/abstract}, author = {Lemos, V. S. and Canello, R. and Leal-Zanchet, A. M.} } @article {774, title = {Diversity of introduced terrestrial flatworms in the Iberian Peninsula: a cautionary tale}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, chapter = {e430}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.430}, author = {Marta {\'A}lvarez-Presas and Mateos, Eduardo and {\`A}ngels Tud{\'o} and Hugh D. Jones and Marta Riutort} }