@article {1894, title = {Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, month = {2018/05/22}, pages = {e4672}, abstract = {Background Species of the genera Bipalium and Diversibipalium, or bipaliines, are giants among land planarians (family Geoplanidae), reaching length of 1 m; they are also easily distinguished from other land flatworms by the characteristic hammer shape of their head. Bipaliines, which have their origin in warm parts of Asia, are invasive species, now widespread worldwide. However, the scientific literature is very scarce about the widespread repartition of these species, and their invasion in European countries has not been studied. Methods In this paper, on the basis of a four year survey based on citizen science, which yielded observations from 1999 to 2017 and a total of 111 records, we provide information about the five species present in Metropolitan France and French overseas territories. We also investigated the molecular variability of cytochrome-oxidase 1 (COI) sequences of specimens. Results Three species are reported from Metropolitan France: Bipalium kewense, Diversibipalium multilineatum, and an unnamed Diversibipalium {\textquoteleft}black{\textquoteright} species. We also report the presence of B. kewense from overseas territories, such as French Polynesia (Oceania), French Guiana (South America), the Caribbean French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barth{\'e}lemy, and Montserrat (Central America), and La R{\'e}union island (off South-East Africa). For B. vagum, observations include French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barth{\'e}lemy, Saint Martin, Montserrat, La R{\'e}union, and Florida (USA). A probable new species, Diversibipalium sp. {\textquoteleft}blue,{\textquoteright} is reported from Mayotte Island (off South{\textendash}East Africa). B. kewense, B. vagum and D. multilineatum each showed 0\% variability in their COI sequences, whatever their origin, suggesting that the specimens are clonal, and that sexual reproduction is probably absent. COI barcoding was efficient in identifying species, with differences over 10\% between species; this suggests that barcoding can be used in the future for identifying these invasive species. In Metropolitan south{\textendash}west France, a small area located in the Department of Pyr{\'e}n{\'e}es-Atlantiques was found to be a hot-spot of bipaliine biodiversity and abundance for more than 20 years, probably because of the local mild weather. Discussion The present findings strongly suggest that the species present in Metropolitan France and overseas territories should be considered invasive alien species. Our numerous records in the open in Metropolitan France raise questions: as scientists, we were amazed that these long and brightly coloured worms could escape the attention of scientists and authorities in a European developed country for such a long time; improved awareness about land planarians is certainly necessary. }, keywords = {Barcoding, Citizen science, France, Invasive alien species, Land planarian, Overseas French territories, Platyhelminthes}, isbn = {2167-8359}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4672}, author = {Justine,Jean-Lou and Winsor,Leigh and Gey,Delphine and Gros,Pierre and Th{\'e}venot,Jessica}, editor = {Riutort,Marta} } @article {1860, title = {Notes on Turbellaria. 1. On the occurrence of Bipalium kewense (Moseley) in the United States. 2. On the Identity of Procotylus fluviatilis Leidy and Dendrocoelum lacteum Oersted}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {30}, year = {1896}, pages = {1046-1049}, author = {Woodworth, W.M.} } @article {1853, title = {Zwei neue Arten von Bipalium}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {6}, year = {1883}, pages = {168}, author = {Loman, J.C.C.} } @article {1784, title = {Endemic and exotic land planarians in the United States with a discussion of necessary changes of names in the Rhynchodemidae}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, volume = {1241}, year = {1943}, month = {08/1943}, chapter = {1-21}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/4740}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1772, title = {Some South American Triclads}, journal = {Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci{\^e}ncias}, volume = {25}, year = {1953}, pages = {65-78}, url = {http://planarias.each.usp.br/system/artigos/100/original/Bois-ReymondMarcus1953-SOME_SOUTH_AMERICAN_TRICLADS.pdf}, author = {Eveline Du Bois-Reymond Marcus} } @article {1745, title = {A note on the morphology of Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, and Bipalium adventitium Hyman, 1943 (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola)}, journal = {The Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College. Ser. II}, volume = {23}, year = {1985}, pages = {85-100}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1741, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der Genera Bipalium und Rhynchodemus}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Zool. Jb. Syst.)}, volume = {46}, year = {1923}, pages = {489-516 + Taf. 15}, author = {Karl Frieb} } @article {1739, title = {Bestimmungsschluessel f{\"u}r die Indo-Malayischen Landplanarien}, journal = {Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg, Suppl{\'e}ment II}, year = {1898}, pages = {113-127}, url = {https://books.google.com/books/reader?id=WpUsAAAAYAAJ\&hl=es\&printsec=frontcover\&output=reader\&pg=GBS.PA109}, author = {Ludwig von Graff} } @article {1697, title = {Land flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) of S{\~a}o Tom{\'e}:~a first account on their diversity, with the description of five new species.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4221}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Jan 17}, pages = {zootaxa.4221.3.2}, abstract = {

The present contribution provides the first faunistic and taxonomic account of six species of land flatworm from the island of S\ão Tom\é, including five new species of the genus Othelosoma Gray, 1869 and the introduced Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878. One of the new species represents the first African land flatworm that has specks on its dorsal body surface, instead of stripes or a more or less uniform colouration. At least two of the new species were observed to prey on snails. The study details the fourth record of a sclerotic spermatophore in a species of land flatworm, and discusses the definition and homology of double female genital canals in African and Indian species of the genus Othelosoma.

}, issn = {1175-5334}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4221.3.2}, author = {Sluys, Ronald and Neumann, Matthias and Lima, Ricardo F DE and Drewes, Robert C} } @article {1696, title = {Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {e100718}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, USA}, abstract = {

The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) is known from a diverse array of taxa, but is unknown in terrestrial invertebrates. Tetrodotoxin is a low molecular weight compound that acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, inducing paralysis. However, the origins and ecological functions of TTX in most taxa remain mysterious. Here, we show that TTX is present in two species of terrestrial flatworm (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) using a competitive inhibition enzymatic immunoassay to quantify the toxin and high phase liquid chromatography to confirm the presence. We also investigated the distribution of TTX throughout the bodies of the flatworms and provide evidence suggesting that TTX is used during predation to subdue large prey items. We also show that the egg capsules of B. adventitium have TTX, indicating a further role in defense. These data suggest a potential route for TTX bioaccumulation in terrestrial systems.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070999/}, author = {Stokes, Amber N and Ducey, Peter K and Neuman-Lee, Lorin and Hanifin, Charles T and French, Susannah S and Pfrender, Michael E and Brodie, Edmund D and Brodie Jr, Edmund D}, editor = {Dickens, Joseph Clifton} } @article {1695, title = {Serotonin in the nervous system of the head region of the land planarian Bipalium kewense}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, month = {2003/12//}, pages = {479 - 486}, abstract = {

The presence and distribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) in the head region of the land planarian Bipalium kewense has been investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence technique combined with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), and also by immunogold labeling at ultrastructural level. Serotonin immunoreactivity (IR) was restricted to elements of the nervous system, such as the cerebral ganglion, and the peripheral nerve net. Most of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons are at the periphery of the brain; they were identified as unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons. The ultrastructural results using immunogold labeling confirm the location of 5-HT within electron-dense vesicles (50\–120 nm in diameter), clustered both in the cell bodies and in their processes. The intense 5-HT-IR herein demonstrated for B. kewense adds new data to the poorly studied nervous system of land planarians.

}, keywords = {Cephalic ganglion, Immunohistochemistry, Land planaria, Nervous system, Plathelminthes, Serotonin}, isbn = {0040-8166}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040816603000740}, author = {Fernandes, M.C and Alvares, E.P and Gama, P and Silveira, M} } @article {1694, title = {Properties of a collagenolytic enzyme from Bipalium kewense}, volume = {661}, year = {1981}, month = {1981/10/13}, pages = {213 - 220}, abstract = {

A collagenolytic enzyme from the land planarian Bipalium kewense has been purified by preparative isoelectric focusing. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 47 000 \± 2 000 and appears to be dimeric. It has an isoelectric point of 4.6 \± 0.1 and a high content of acidic amino acids. The amino acid composition of the Bipalium collagenase is similar to that of human skin fibroblast collagenases but clearly different from previously reported collagenolytic proteases from other invertebrates, Uca pugilator and Hypoderma lineatum. In its action on guinea-pig collagen, the enzyme produces distinct products, at low incubation temperatures, different from those produced by vertebrate and other invertebrate collagenolytic enzymes. These products have glycine as their N-terminal amino acids. As determined by viscosity measurements, the Bipalium collagenase is more active on invertebrate, earthworm, collagen than it is on the vertebrate, Type I guinea-pig skin, collagen. The Bipalium collagenase differs from both bacterial and vertebrate collagenases as well as from invertebrate, collagenolytic serine proteases.

}, keywords = {(Bipalium kewense), Amino acid composition, Collagen, Collagenase}, isbn = {0005-2744}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005274481900061}, author = {Landsperger, William J. and Peters, Erwin H. and Dresden, Marc H.} } @article {1693, title = {A collagenase in extracts of the invertebrate Bipalium kewense}, journal = {Biochemical Journal}, volume = {133}, year = {1973}, month = {1973/06/}, pages = {329 - 334}, abstract = {

The localization, isolation and partial characterization of a collagenolytic enzyme from the land planarian Bipalium kewense is described. This enzyme can be obtained by direct extraction of the organism, and can be separated from non-collagenous proteolytic activity by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation and Sephadex-gel chromatography. Its mode of attack on collagen and sensitivity to a variety of inhibitors indicate that this enzyme differs from vertebrate collagenases and a previously described invertebrate collagenase. IMAGES:

}, isbn = {0264-60211470-8728}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1177702/}, author = {Phillips, Julius and Dresden, Marc H} } @article {1691, title = {Natural History Observations on Bipalium cf. vagum Jones and Sterrer (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), a Terrestrial Broadhead Planarian New to North America}, journal = {Southeastern Naturalist}, volume = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = { - 460449}, publisher = {Eagle Hill Institute}, abstract = {

An increasing number of exotic terrestrial planarian species have established populations worldwide. In North America, the most prominent invasive flatworms are three members of the broadhead planarian genus Bipalium. Herein we report observations on the morphology, predatory behavior, and reproduction of Bipalium cf. vagum, new to this continent and report its occurrence in Florida and Texas. Individuals of this species have a distinctive combination of head shape and pattern of dark dorsal pigmentation (large head spots, complete collar, and prominent median stripe) that distinguishes them from other members of the genus. Although the other North American species of Bipalium feed on earthworms, B. cf. vagum feeds exclusively on terrestrial mollusks. Their predatory behavior includes following mucus trails and subduing the prey by capping the prey\&$\#$39;s head with the flatworm\&$\#$39;s anterior end and wrapping the prey\&$\#$39;s foot in the body of the planarian. Members of this species reproduce via egg capsules that contain small numbers of offspring. Because this is the first land planarian reported in North America that is a predator of mollusks, native land snails and slugs are unlikely to have effective defenses against it. Therefore, we should continue to monitor its geographic spread and potential ecological impact.

}, isbn = {15287092, 19385412}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4541040}, author = {Ducey, Peter K. and Matthew McCormick and Davidson, Elizabeth} } @book {410, title = {Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien)}, volume = {2}, year = {1899}, pages = {574}, publisher = {Wilhelm Engelmann}, organization = {Wilhelm Engelmann}, address = {Leipzig}, url = {http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/ebind/hdok/h07_turbellarien_2/XML/index.xml?part=thumb}, author = {Graff, L. von} } @article {436, title = {Studien {\"u}ber Turbellarien. I. Ueber die Vermehrung durch Quertheilung des Bipalium kewense Moseley.}, journal = {Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, year = {1892}, pages = {1-42}, chapter = {1}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22309$\#$page/215/mode/1up}, author = {Bergendal, D.} } @article {714, title = {Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit et descripsit. Pars. I. Turbellaria Dendrocoela}, journal = {Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia}, volume = {9}, year = {1857}, pages = {19-31}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84745$\#$page/33/mode/1up}, author = {W. Stimpson} } @article {23, title = {A revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 (Turbellaria: Tricladida:Terricola)}, journal = {Zool.J.Linn.Soc}, volume = {79}, year = {1983}, month = {1983}, pages = {61-100}, chapter = {61}, author = {Leigh Winsor} } @article {21, title = {Reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium adventitium across North America}, journal = {Pedobiologia}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {367-377}, chapter = {367}, abstract = {

Summary Comparisons between invasive species and their relatives can help in identifying traits that facilitate dispersal and colonization, and comparisons among populations within invasive species may highlight the roles of plasticity and evolutionary adaptation. Bipalium adventitium Hyman 1943 is an exotic, earthworm-eating soil flatworm that has become widespread and abundant in North America. As a first step in better understanding the ecology and evolution of this invasive planarian, we studied its reproductive traits in populations across its extensive geographic range and conducted an experiment on the effects of food availability. Colonization by B. adventitium is facilitated by hermaphroditism, sperm storage, and tough egg capsules containing multiple offspring, traits present in most Terricola. The egg capsules produced by B. adventitium were large (22.5\ mg), hatched in 7-37 days (mean=23 days), contained 1-8 offspring (mean=3.4), and represented about 21\% of a parent\’s predeposition mass. Many individuals produced multiple egg capsules. Although considerable intraspecific variation was detected for most reproductive parameters, significant differences among geographic populations were noted for egg capsule mass, mean offspring mass, and measures of total reproductive output. Intraspecific correlations between parent mass and the masses of egg capsules and offspring, and the results of our experiment showing that food availability affected egg capsule production, together suggest that thus far intra-population variation and plasticity have been more important than local evolutionary adaptation in the invasion of this species.

}, issn = {0031-4056}, doi = {10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.04.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7CW5-4GG2J91-1/2/2ba9658cf26c82e504d9178d4f2e4cb9}, author = {Ducey, Peter K. and West, Lori-Jeanne and Shaw, Gina and De Lisle, Jacquelyn} } @article {753, title = {Carnivore mollusks as natural enemies of invasive land flatworms}, journal = {Annals of Applied Biology}, volume = {161}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, pages = {127-131}, abstract = {

There are several records of the carnivorous behaviour of land flatworms, considered to be top-predators in their micro-habitats, by preying upon various species of invertebrates. However, there is little knowledge of predators on land-flatworms. The possible impact of invasive land flatworms on prey populations has caused widespread concern, when considering their predatory behaviour, combined with recent human influence on the distribution of certain species. This work is the first record of predation on land flatworms by a carnivorous snail. Various-sized land flatworms of 10 native species of the subfamily Geoplaninae, as well as the exotic species Bipalium kewense (subfamily Bipaliinae), were offered to Rectartemon depressus (Gastropoda, Streptaxidae), which accepted all. The predator also fed on the snail Bradybaena similaris. The snails were maintained in laboratory for an average period of 12?months based on a mixed diet of flatworms and B. similaris, suggesting that the snail is a polyphagous predator. Because certain land-flatworm species have been described as invasive species which may have a potential impact on prey populations in native and man-made ecosystems, it is proposed that carnivorous snails of other native species, as potential predators of flatworms, should be tested for possible use in biological control programmes of these invasive planarians.

}, issn = {0003-4746}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7348.2012.00556.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2012.00556.x/abstract}, author = {Lemos, V. S. and Canello, R. and Leal-Zanchet, A. M.} } @article {774, title = {Diversity of introduced terrestrial flatworms in the Iberian Peninsula: a cautionary tale}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, chapter = {e430}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.430}, author = {Marta {\'A}lvarez-Presas and Mateos, Eduardo and {\`A}ngels Tud{\'o} and Hugh D. Jones and Marta Riutort} }