@article {1869, title = {Index to species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae. Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae}, journal = {The Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {29}, year = {1991}, chapter = {25-102}, author = {Robert E. Ogren and Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1844, title = {Miscellaneous Papers on Turbellarians. II. Additions and corrections of the previous land planarian indices of the world (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida, Terricola) - 11}, journal = {The bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s University}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {89-114}, url = {http://planarian.net/db/lpindex/ix2003.pdf}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Eudoxia Maria Froehlich and Hugh D. Jones and Robert E. Ogren and Gen-Yu Sasaki} } @article {1833, title = {Some land planarians of the United States and Europe, with remarks on nomenclature}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, year = {1954}, pages = {1-21}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4911//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1667.pdf?sequence=1\&isAllowed=y}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1787, title = {Additional observations on the Victorian land planarians}, journal = {Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria}, year = {1892}, pages = {25-41}, author = {Dendy, A} } @article {1786, title = {The proposed synonymy of Parakontikia ventrolineata (Dendy, 1892) and Kontikia mexicana (Hyman, 1939) - what is a penis papilla?}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {383}, year = {1998}, pages = {91-96}, abstract = {

Geoplanid land planarians found near Johannesburg, South Africa, and in a hothouse in Liverpool, UK, could be identified either as Parakontikia ventrolineata (Dendy, 1892) or as Kontikia mexicana (Hyman, 1939). Comparison of the specimens with P. ventrolineata type specimens and other material and with published descriptions of K. mexicana shows no significant consistent difference between the species, other than the apparent presence of a penis papilla in K. mexicana. It is suggested that, in this case, the penis papilla is not a well-defined structure and that its presence in some specimens may be the result of differential contraction or eversion of the penial musculature at fixation. Accordingly it is proposed that the two species names are synonymous, and thus Parakontikia Winsor, 1991 is to be considered a junior synonym of Kontikia Froehlich, 1955. This is only the second geoplanid species to be recorded from Africa. It has also been found in Australia, New Zealand and the U.S.A.

}, doi = {10.1023/A:1003478218873}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A\%3A1003478218873}, author = {Hugh D. Jones and Peter M. Johns and Leigh Winsor} } @article {1785, title = {A new species of land planarian from Madeira Portugal (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Tricladida)}, journal = {Journal of Zoology}, volume = {201}, year = {1983}, month = {12/1983}, pages = {433{\textendash}443}, abstract = {

Kontikia bulbosa sp. nov. is described. The species is characterized by an intrapenial papilla, dilatations of the vasa deferentia, and a number of bulbous structures projecting from the atrial wall. K. bulbosa differs from the known representatives of its genus in that it has no annular zone of parenchymal longitudinal muscles, but only a ventral layer of these muscles. It is proposed that Froehlich\&$\#$39;s (1955) definition of the genus be adapted so that it also includes Geoplana species with only a ventral layer of parenchymal longitudinal muscles. G. mexicana Hyman, 1939 fulfills the new requirements of Kontikia and, consequently, is transferred to this genus. K. bulbosa was found on Madeira; its occurrence on this island is probably due to passive dispersal.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05069.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05069.x/full}, author = {Ronald Sluys} } @article {1771, title = {New species of flatworms from North, Central, and South America}, journal = {Proceedings of the United States National Museum}, volume = {86}, year = {1939}, pages = {419-439}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7569365$\#$page/507/mode/1up}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1756, title = {A provisional classification of Australian terrestrial geoplanid flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola: Geoplanidae)}, journal = {Victorian Naturalist}, volume = {109}, year = {1991}, pages = {42-49}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40009694$\#$page/42/mode/1up}, author = {Leigh Winsor} } @article {1741, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der Genera Bipalium und Rhynchodemus}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Zool. Jb. Syst.)}, volume = {46}, year = {1923}, pages = {489-516 + Taf. 15}, author = {Karl Frieb} } @article {1738, title = {Gene organization and expression of a neuropeptide Y homolog from the land planarian Arthurdendyus triangulatus}, journal = {J Comp Neurol}, volume = {454}, year = {2002}, month = {2002 Dec 02}, pages = {58-64}, abstract = {

Neuropeptide Y is one of the most widespread regulatory peptides within the vertebrate nervous system and shares the C-terminal motif [FY]-x(3)-[LIVM]-x(2)-Y-x(3)-[LIVMFY]-x-R-x-R-[YF] with pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, and fish pancreatic peptide Y. All four peptides are believed to have arisen from a single ancestral gene through successive gene duplication events in vertebrates. The origin of this peptide family may date back further still; similarly sized peptide transmitters with an identical C-terminal motif have been identified in molluscs and flatworms and designated neuropeptide F (NPF). Cloning of the npf gene from the parasitic flatworm Moniezia expansa identified some unusual features within the peptide precursor organization but, at the same time, provided support for an evolutionary relationship of npf and npy genes through the presence of a single intron at a conserved position. To extend the analysis of the evolutionary relationships between invertebrate NPF and vertebrate NPY family peptides, the NPF precursor from the turbellarian Arthurdendyus triangulatus was characterized. Sequence analysis revealed the npf transcript to be 362 base pairs in length encoding a single open reading frame of 81 amino acids. The precursor comprises a signal peptide followed by the mature peptide of 36 amino acids in length, terminating in the typical invertebrate GRPRF motif, followed by a carboxyterminal glycyl extension. The NPF precursor of A. triangulatus shows significant similarities to the vertebrate NPY peptides. Indeed, the N-terminus of A. triangulatus prepro-NPF corresponds more closely to that of the vertebrate peptide homologs than to that of other invertebrate NPFs isolated to date. Immunocytochemical localization studies have demonstrated NPF immunoreactivity throughout the nervous system of A. triangulatus, particularly in association with muscular structures. The data support an early evolutionary origin for this peptide transmitter family within the nervous system of basal bilaterians.

}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, Complementary, Genomic Library, Helminth Proteins, Introns, Molecular Sequence Data, Nervous system, Neuropeptide Y, Organ Specificity, planarians, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid}, issn = {0021-9967}, doi = {10.1002/cne.10440}, author = {Dougan, Paula M and Mair, Gunnar R and Halton, David W and Curry, W James and Day, Tim A and Maule, Aaron G} } @article {1734, title = {Neuropeptide F: primary structure from the tubellarian, Artioposthia triangulata.}, journal = {Comp Biochem Physiol C}, volume = {101}, year = {1992}, month = {1992 Feb}, pages = {269-74}, abstract = {

1. A neuropeptide exhibiting vertebrate pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity has been isolated and sequenced from extracts of the terrestrial turbellarian, Artioposthia triangulata. 2. This neuropeptide, designated neuropeptide F, consists of 36 amino acid residues terminating in a phenylalaninamide. 3. The full primary structure was established as: KVVHLRPRSSFSSEDEYQIYLRNVSKYIQLYGRPRF.NH2. The molecular mass, deduced from this sequence, was 4433 Da. 4. This neuropeptide exhibits C-terminal homology with neuropeptide F (Moniezia expansa) and with the vertebrate neuropeptide Y/pancreatic polypeptide superfamily of which it may represent a phylogenetic precursor.

}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Helminth Proteins, Immunohistochemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Weight, Neuropeptide Y, Neuropeptides, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Platyhelminths, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid}, issn = {0742-8413}, author = {Curry, W J and Shaw, C and Johnston, C F and Thim, L and Buchanan, K D} } @article {1733, title = {Impact of the New Zealand flatworm (Artioposthia triangulata) on soil structure and hydrology in the UK.}, journal = {Sci Total Environ}, volume = {215}, year = {1998}, month = {1998 May 04}, pages = {259-65}, abstract = {

Through north west Europe, concern has been growing in recent years about the predatory nature of Artioposthia triangulata on indigenous earthworm species. In this study, the consequence of earthworm depletion by A. triangulata on soil structure and related hydrological processes is examined. Field measurements compare differences in saturated hydraulic conductivity between sites overrun by A. triangulata and neighbouring unaffected sites. Laboratory experiments were conducted on soil cores containing worms only, worms and A. triangulata, and a control with no worms or A. Triangulata. Differences in the water release characteristic and bulk density between treatments was studied. It is concluded that in the short term, infestation by flatworms and consequent depletion of earthworms will increase infiltration. However, as macropores degenerate or are removed over time, an increased risk of surface run off may result in increased pollution and flood hazards, whilst reduced drainage and subsequent waterlogging may reduce agricultural productivity in certain soils. More research into understanding the processes is required.

}, keywords = {Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Oligochaeta, Platyhelminths, Predatory Behavior, Regression Analysis, Soil, Soil Pollutants, United Kingdom}, issn = {0048-9697}, author = {Haria, A H and McGrath, S P and Moore, J P and Bell, J P and Blackshaw, R P} } @article {1692, title = {First report of the exotic blue land planarian, Caenoplana coerulea (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae), on Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {91 - 105}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {

In April 2009 two specimens of a terrestrial flatworm were collected from under a rock in an orchard at Ciutadella de Menorca on the easternmost Balearic island of Menorca (Spain). Their external morphology suggested that both specimens belonged to the invasive blue planarian Caenoplana coerulea, a species which is native to eastern Australia. Sequence data of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the entire 18S ribosomal RNA confirm its identification. This is one of the first records of the species in Europe where it has only been found in one locality in the United Kingdom, France and NE Spain.

}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368283/}, author = {Breugelmans, Karin and Cardona, Josep Quintana and Artois, Tom and Jordaens, Kurt and Backeljau, Thierry} } @article {1682, title = {A new terrestrial planarian species of the genus Marionfyfea (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) found in Europe}, journal = {Journal of Natural HistoryJournal of Natural History}, volume = {50}, year = {2016}, note = {doi: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1208907}, month = {2016/11/09}, pages = {2673 - 2690}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, abstract = {

Small (c.\ 1\ cm long) terrestrial planarians found in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France are described as a new species, Marionfyfea adventor sp. nov. Individuals of the new species have a patchy brown external appearance with small, seemingly random pale blue-ish patches. They have multiple eyes, uniserial around the anterior end, biserial or triserial laterally for a short distance then sparsely uniserial and lateral to the posterior end. The anatomy is characterized by five or six pairs of ventral testes and a single pair of ovaries adjacent to the pharyngeal pouch. The base of each ovary is surrounded by parovarian cells. The penis is of the inverted type with a basal hemispherical seminal vesicle. Two adenodactyls, one ventral, one dorsal, are present in the common antrum. The only other known species of Marionfyfea is recorded only from the Auckland Islands, New Zealand and we assume that the new species has been introduced to Europe.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7AC3D565-0BEB-4B67-8BEC-11A13A70D663ABSTRACTSmall (c.\ 1\ cm long) terrestrial planarians found in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France are described as a new species, Marionfyfea adventor sp. nov. Individuals of the new species have a patchy brown external appearance with small, seemingly random pale blue-ish patches. They have multiple eyes, uniserial around the anterior end, biserial or triserial laterally for a short distance then sparsely uniserial and lateral to the posterior end. The anatomy is characterized by five or six pairs of ventral testes and a single pair of ovaries adjacent to the pharyngeal pouch. The base of each ovary is surrounded by parovarian cells. The penis is of the inverted type with a basal hemispherical seminal vesicle. Two adenodactyls, one ventral, one dorsal, are present in the common antrum. The only other known species of Marionfyfea is recorded only from the Auckland Islands, New Zealand and we assume that the new species has been introduced to Europe.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7AC3D565-0BEB-4B67-8BEC-11A13A70D663

}, isbn = {0022-2933}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1208907}, author = {Jones, Hugh D. and Sluys, Ronald} } @article {1496, title = {The invasive land planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/06/23}, pages = {e1037}, abstract = {

The land planarian Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 or \“New Guinea flatworm\” is a highly invasive species, mainly in the Pacific area, and recently in Europe (France). We report specimens from six additional countries and territories: New Caledonia (including mainland and two of the Loyalty Islands, Lifou and Mar\é), Wallis and Futuna Islands, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Puerto Rico, and Florida, USA. We analysed the COI gene (barcoding) in these specimens with two sets of primers and obtained 909 bp long sequences. In addition, specimens collected in Townsville (Australia) were also sequenced. Two haplotypes of the COI sequence, differing by 3.7\%, were detected: the \“World haplotype\” found in France, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Singapore, Florida and Puerto Rico; and the \“Australian haplotype\” found in Australia. The only locality with both haplotypes was in the Solomon Islands. The country of origin of Platydemus manokwari is New Guinea, and Australia and the Solomon Islands are the countries closest to New Guinea from which we had specimens. These results suggest that two haplotypes exist in the area of origin of the species, but that only one of the two haplotypes (the \“World haplotype\”) has, through human agency, been widely dispersed. However, since P. manokwari is now recorded from 22 countries in the world and we have genetic information from only 8 of these, with none from New Guinea, this analysis provides only partial knowledge of the genetic structure of the invasive species. Morphological analysis of specimens from both haplotypes has shown some differences in ratio of the genital structures but did not allow us to interpret the haplotypes as different species. The new reports from Florida and Puerto Rico are firsts for the USA, for the American continent, and the Caribbean. P. manokwari is a known threat for endemic terrestrial molluscs and its presence is a matter of concern. While most of the infected territories reported until now were islands, the newly reported presence of the species in mainland US in Florida should be considered a potential major threat to the whole US and even the Americas.

}, keywords = {Alien species, Flatworm, French Polynesia, Invasive species, Land planarian, New Caledonia, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Solomon Island, USA}, isbn = {2167-8359}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1037}, author = {Justine,Jean-Lou and Winsor,Leigh and Barri{\`e}re,Patrick and Fanai,Crispus and Gey,Delphine and Han,Andrew Wee Kien and La Quay-Vel{\'a}zquez,Giomara and Lee,Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann and Lefevre,Jean-Marc and Meyer,Jean-Yves and Philippart,David and Robinson,David G. and Th{\'e}venot,Jessica and Tsatsia,Francis}, editor = {Buckley,Hannah} } @article {295, title = {Land Planarians from Auckland and Campbell Islands}, journal = {Cape Expedition Series Bulletin}, volume = {12}, year = {1953}, pages = {3-20}, chapter = {3}, author = {Fyfe, Marion L.} } @article {37, title = {Predation behaviour of land planarians}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {305}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {105-111}, chapter = {105}, author = {Robert E. Ogren} } @article {26, title = {Resdescription of Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1962 Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) from Guam and the Philippines}, journal = {Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology}, volume = {47}, year = {1992}, month = {06/1992}, pages = {11-25}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Platydemus manokwari DE BEAUCHAMP, 1962 (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) is redescribed in detail based upon materials from Guam and Bugsuk Island, the Philippines. The animals measure up 50 to 80mm or more in length and 4 to 8mm in width and black in color with a narrow middorsal longitudinal stripe on the dorsal surface. This species is known as a predator of giant African snails. Geographical distribution and ecology of this land planarian species are also discussed.

}, url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002341506/en}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Robert E. Ogren and MUNIAPPAN, R.} } @article {764, title = {The effect of starvation on size and survival of the terrestrial planarian Artioposthia triangulata (Dendy) (Tricladida: Terricola)}, journal = {Annals of Applied Biology}, volume = {120}, year = {1992}, pages = {573-578}, author = {Blackshaw, R. P.} } @article {48, title = {Development of the reproductive apparatus of the land planarian Rhynchodemus sylvaticus (Turbellaria: Tricladida) and its significance for classification in the genus}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {132}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {175-180}, chapter = {175}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046245}, author = {Robert E. Ogren} } @article {55, title = {A new genus and species of terrestrial planarian (Platyhelminthes; Tricladida; Terricola) from Scotland, and an emendation of the genus Artioposthia}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {387 - 394}, chapter = {387}, issn = {0022-2933}, author = {Jones, H. D.} } @article {41, title = {The New Zealand terrestrial flatworms: A 1997-98 perspective}, journal = {Pedobiologia}, volume = {42}, number = {5-6}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {464-468}, chapter = {464}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032319542\&partnerID=40}, author = {Johns, P. M.} } @article {44, title = {Observations on the geographic distribution of flatworms (Turbellaria: Rhynchodemidae, Bipaliidae, Geoplanidae) in New Zealand}, journal = {Pedobiologia}, volume = {42}, number = {5-6}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {469-476}, chapter = {469}, author = {Johns, P. M. and Boag, B. and Yeates, G. W.} } @article {42, title = {The Australian terrestrial flatworm fauna (Tricladida: Terricola)}, journal = {Pedobiologia}, volume = {42}, year = {1998}, pages = {457-463}, chapter = {457}, author = {Leigh Winsor} } @article {24, title = {Genetic variation in native and introduced populations of the ‘New Zealand flatworm’, Arthurdendyus triangulatus}, journal = {Ann. appl. Biol}, volume = {139}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {165-174}, chapter = {165}, url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00393.x}, author = {Dynes, C. and Fleming, C.C. and Murchie A.K.} } @article {292, title = {High Predation Pressure by an Introduced Flatworm on Land Snails on the Oceanic Ogasawara Islands}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {700-703}, chapter = {700}, abstract = {

The introduction of a predatory flatworm, Platydemus manokwari, has been considered a cause of the decline of endemic land snails on the tropical oceanic islands. To clarify the effect of P. manokwari on land snail survival in the field, we examined survival rates of snails experimentally placed in areas where snails are absent (i.e., P. manokwari is present) on Chichijima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands. We found that over 50 and 90 percent of the snails were dead after 3 and 11 d, respectively, and that the main cause of mortality was predation by P. manokwari.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00196.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00196.x/abstract}, author = {Sugiura, S. and Okochi, I. and Tamada, H.} } @article {291, title = {New and revised terrestrial flatworm taxa (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) of Australia and the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand}, journal = {Tuhinga}, volume = {17}, year = {2006}, pages = {81-104}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Within the context of ongoing taxonomic revisions of terrestrial flatworms from Australia and the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand: (1) a new subfamily of the Terricola, the Anzoplaninae, is erected, and some subantarctic terricolan taxa are reassigned to the new subfamily; (2) diagnoses for the subfamily Caenoplaninae and genus Coleocephalus are emended; (3) the new genera Anzoplana and Fyfea are erected; and (4) the new species Anzoplana trilineata is described. A lectotype is designated for Fyfea carnleyi (Fyfe).

}, url = {http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/4212/1/4212_Winsor_2006.pdf}, author = {Leigh Winsor} } @article {290, title = {Taxonomic clarification of Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy, 1894) (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola)}, journal = {Records of the Canterbury Museum}, volume = {21}, year = {2007}, pages = {69-74}, chapter = {69}, abstract = {

A lectotype for Geoplana triangulata Dendy, 1894, the type species of Arthurdendyus Jones and Gerard, 1999, is selected and further details of its anatomy are given.

}, author = {Allison, F. R. and Johns, P. M.} } @article {46, title = {Comparative karyotype analysis in diploid and triploid Dolichoplana carvalhoi (Tricladida, Terricola, Rhynchodemidae) from Brazil}, journal = {Genetics and Molecular Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {375-379}, chapter = {375}, issn = {1415-4757}, doi = {10.1590/S1415-47572007000300013 }, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1415-47572007000300013}, author = {Alvarez, Luciana and Cardoso de Almeida, Eunice Judith} } @article {43, title = {Invasion of two exotic terrestrial flatworms to subantarctic Macquarie Island}, journal = {Polar Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {961-967}, chapter = {961}, issn = {0722-4060}, url = {://000247212200002}, author = {Greenslade, P. and Stevens, M. I. and Edwards, R.} } @article {286, title = {Potential impacts of the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails}, journal = {Biological Invasions}, volume = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {737-742}, chapter = {737}, abstract = {

The introduction of the snail-eating flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Tricladida: Rhynchodemidae) has been considered a cause of the extinction of native land snails on several Pacific islands. Although P. manokwari is known to attack land snails on the ground, whether P. manokwari attacks snails on trees remains unclear. To clarify the effect of P. manokwari on arboreal snails, we examined survival rates of land snails experimentally placed on tree trunks (0.5\–2.0 m above the ground) in a forest on Chichijima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The survival of snails experimentally placed on tree trunks with artificially created snail scent trails rapidly decreased for 7 days, and the mortality was caused by P. manokwari predation. However, snails placed on tree trunks without snail scent trails were not attacked by P. manokwari. Therefore, P. manokwari climbed tree trunks, likely tracking the snail scent. We found that over 40\% of the snails placed on tree trunks with snail scent trails were eaten by P. manokwari within 7 days. This experiment supports the hypothesis that P. manokwari predation is an important cause of the rapid decline or extinction of native arboreal snails on Pacific islands.

}, doi = {10.1007/s10530-008-9287-1}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/l654j1846k803u22/}, author = {Sugiura, S. and Yamaura, Y.} } @article {287, title = {Seasonal fluctuation of invasive flatworm predation pressure on land snails: Implications for the range expansion and impacts of invasive species}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, volume = {142}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, pages = {3013-3019}, chapter = {3013}, abstract = {

Introduction of the snail-eating flatworm Platydemus manokwari has caused extinction and decline of native land snails on tropical and subtropical islands. As the factors influencing flatworm predation pressure on land snails remain unclear, I examined the effects of seasonal variation in flatworm predation pressure on land snail survival in the wild on a subtropical island. I also examined the feeding activities of P. manokwari under laboratory conditions. Survival rates of land snails experimentally placed on the forest floor for 7 days ranged from 0\% to 100\% among seasons on the oceanic island Chichijima [Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands]. More than 90\% of snails were killed by P. manokwari within 7 days in the period from July to November, while less than 40\% of snails were killed in other months. Snail mortality rate (0\–100\%) attributable to P. manokwari was positively correlated with mean temperature (17.1\–27.3 \°C) in the study area. Laboratory experiments showed that low temperature influenced snail survival and regulated feeding activity of P. manokwari. Laboratory experiments also suggested that high densities of P. manokwari may cause a rapid decline in snail survival. Therefore, ambient temperature and density of P. manokwari may regulate seasonal variations in predation pressure on land snails. Recent global warming may increase the probability of invasion and population establishment, and elevate the impacts of P. manokwari in temperate regions.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.032}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320709003619}, author = {Sugiura, S.} } @article {47, title = {Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola) from the Iberian Peninsula: new records and description of three new species}, journal = {Zootaxa}, number = {1739}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {1-20}, chapter = {1}, author = {Vila-Farre, M. and Mateos, E. and Sluys, R. and Romero, R.} } @article {springerlink:10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4, title = {Prey-tracking behavior in the invasive terrestrial planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {97}, year = {2010}, note = {10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4}, pages = {997-1002}, publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg}, abstract = {

Platydemus manokwari is a broadly distributed invasive terrestrial flatworm that preys heavily on land snails and has been credited with the demise of numerous threatened island faunas. We examined whether P. manokwari tracks the mucus trails of land snail prey, investigated its ability to determine trail direction, and evaluated prey preference among various land snail species. A plastic treatment plate with the mucus trail of a single species and a control plate without the trail were placed side by side at the exit of cages housing P. manokwari . All trials were then videotaped overnight. The flatworms moved along plates with mucus trails, but did not respond to plates without trails, blank control (distilled water), or with conspecific flatworm trails. When presented at the midpoint of a snail mucus trail, the flatworms followed the trail in a random direction. The flatworms showed a preference when choosing between two plates, each with a mucus trail of different land snail species. Our results suggest that P. manokwari follows snail mucus trails based on chemical cues to increase the chance of encountering prey; however, trail-tracking behavior showed no directionality.

}, issn = {0028-1042}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4}, author = {Iwai, Noriko and Sugiura, Shinji and Chiba, Satoshi} } @article {56, title = {Prey preference and gregarious attacks by the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari}, journal = {Biological Invasions}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {1507}, pages = {1499}, chapter = {1499}, abstract = {

The flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Tricladida: Rhynchodemidae) preys on various species of land snail, and its introduction to areas outside of its native range is thought to have caused the extinction of native land snails on several Pacific islands. Platydemus manokwari occurs in areas where land snails have been absent since its invasion, suggesting that the flatworm can prey on animals other than land snails. To identify the alternative prey and prey preferences of P. manokwari, I examined the feeding ecology of P. manokwari under field and laboratory conditions. Individuals were observed attacking live earthworms in a forest where land snails are already extinct, on Chichijima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. I also observed them attacking earthworms and a species of isopod and land snail in the lab. To prey on the worm, similar to other earthworm-eating flatworms, P. manokwari wrapped itself around the prey and fed on it by inserting its pharynx into the earthworm\’s body. Large earthworms were able to escape P. manokwari attacks by autotomy, but the autotomized body parts were eaten. Several P. manokwari individuals together attacked earthworms that were larger than themselves. The laboratory experiments showed that such gregarious attacks increased predation success on both large earthworms and land snails. The flatworms also attacked the isopods, although the predation rate was low. These results demonstrate that P. manokwari is a polyphagous predator of slowmoving soil invertebrates (land snails, slugs, earthworms, and isopods) and that invasion by P. manokwari may directly and indirectly impact native soil fauna.

}, author = {Sugiura, S.} } @article {154, title = {Land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Iberian Peninsula: new records and description of two new species, with a discussion on ecology}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {45}, number = {15\&16}, year = {2011}, pages = {869 - 891}, chapter = {869}, doi = {10.1080/00222933.2010.536267}, url = {http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/539097_788671212_935776938.pdf}, author = {Miquel Vila-Farr{\'e} and Ronald Sluys and Mateos, Eduardo and Hugh D. Jones and Rafael Romero} } @article {774, title = {Diversity of introduced terrestrial flatworms in the Iberian Peninsula: a cautionary tale}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, chapter = {e430}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.430}, author = {Marta {\'A}lvarez-Presas and Mateos, Eduardo and {\`A}ngels Tud{\'o} and Hugh D. Jones and Marta Riutort} } @article {739, title = {The invasive New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {e297}, abstract = {

Non-indigenous terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes) have been recorded in thirteen European countries. They include Bipalium kewense and Dolichoplana striata that are largely restricted to hothouses and may be regarded as non-invasive species. In addition there are species from the southern hemisphere such as the invasive New Zealand flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus in the United Kingdom, Eire and the Faroe Islands, the Australian flatworm Australoplana sanguinea alba in Eire and the United Kingdom, and the Australian Blue Garden flatworm Caenoplana coerulea in France, Menorca and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has some twelve or more non-indigenous species most of which are Australian and New Zealand species. These species may move to an invasive stage when optimum environmental and other conditions occur, and the flatworms then have the potential to cause economic or environmental harm. In this paper, we report the identification (from morphology and molecular analysis of COI sequences) of non-indigenous terrestrial flatworms found in a hothouse in Caen (France) as the New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola, Geoplanidae, Rhynchodeminae). Platydemus manokwari is among the \“100 World\’s Worst Invader Alien Species\”. Lists of World geographic records, prey in the field and prey in laboratories of P. manokwari are provided. This species is considered a threat to native snails wherever it is introduced. The recent discovery of P. manokwari in France represents a significant extension of distribution of this Invasive Alien Species from the Indo-Pacific region to Europe. If it escaped the hothouse, the flatworm might survive winters and become established in temperate countries. The existence of this species in France requires an early warning of this incursion to State and European Union authorities, followed by the eradication of the flatworm in its locality, tightening of internal quarantine measures to prevent further spread of the flatworm to and from this site, identifying if possible the likely primary source of the flatworm, and tracing other possible incursions that may have resulted from accidental dispersal of plants and soil from the site.

}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.297}, url = {https://peerj.com/articles/297.pdf}, author = {Jean-Lou Justine​ and Leigh Winsor and Delphine Gey and Pierre Gros and Jessica Th{\'e}venot} }