@article {1779, title = {Studies on Virginian triclads}, journal = {Journal Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, volume = {51}, year = {1935}, pages = {79-133}, url = {http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jncas/id/1631}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1765, title = {Sperm resorption in triclads (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {Invertebrate Reproduction and Development}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {89-95}, abstract = {

Triclads use the excess of spermatozoa received from the partner during copulation as an additional source of nutritive material. Digestion of sperm takes place in various sperm resorptive organs, such as the copulatory bursa, lateral bursae, spermiduct, resorptive vesicles, and oviducal tubae. Sperm resorptive organs may concern either newly evolved organs, or result from a change of function in an already existing structure.

}, doi = {10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, author = {Ronald Sluys} } @article {1730, title = {Sulphated glycosaminoglycans support an assortment of planarian rhabdite structures}, journal = {Biol Open}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Mar 16}, abstract = {

Planaria are soft-bodied, bilateral flatworms of the phylum Playhelminthes. They are covered in cilia and use ciliary-gliding to traverse the substratum while hunting. Their body surface is covered in a layer of viscous slime primarily derived from specialised secretory granules known as rhabdites. The slime must somehow stay associated with the surface of the animal in aqueous environments whilst also lubricating the interface of the animal and the surfaces over which the animal moves. The slime prevents damage to the animal\&$\#$39;s soft body and also contributes to adhesion to the substratum. In order to gain insight into how it might achieve these diverse functions, we performed electron microscopic examination of the slime\&$\#$39;s structure. Analysis of two freshwater flatworms from the UK Schmidtea polychroa (Schmidt, 1861) and Polycelis tenuis (Ijima, 1884) revealed a high level of organisation of the slime layer and a variety of ejected slime structures. We show that these structures are rich in sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). Most of these (269 of 285 examined) appear to be topologically-closed spheroids that we name ball-GAGs Another class appears to burst to release flower- and star-like clusters which adhere to motile cilia. We also observe fibrous nets that are associated with entrapped bacteria. Examination of the structure of rhabdites ejected onto a porous surface suggests a mechanism by which their structure allows them to both bind to the porous surface and provide a smooth layer over which the animal could glide. Such sGAG-based structures might provide models for the design of artificial biomimetic replacements for tears, saliva, bio-compatible lubricants or drug-delivery vehicles.

}, doi = {10.1242/bio.024554}, author = {Hayes, Matthew J} } @article {1719, title = {Resistance of two planarian species to UV-irradiation}, journal = {Folia Biol (Krakow)}, volume = {54}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {103-8}, abstract = {

The aim of this work was to determine the effects of 20, 25 and 30 minute UV-irradiation periods lambda = 253.5 nm to two planarian species Dugesia tigrina (Gir.) and Polycelis felina (Daly.). In vivo, UV light effects have been reported to affect intracellular receptors and disrupt simple behaviour. The effects of UV-rays on mortality and behavior as well as morphological, cytological and histological changes in the two planarian species were assessed, and the course and the dynamics of regenerative processes were compared between them. Experimental populations of Dugesia tigrina and Polycelis felina species were maintained in laboratory conditions at room temperature. Mortality, behavioral and morphological changes were monitored daily by means of a light stereomicroscope. For cytological and histopathological analysis, planarians were fixed in Bouine fixative on the first, second, third, fifth and seventh day after exposure to UV-irradiation, respectively. They were embedded in paraffin, cut on a microtome, stained with toluidin blue and embedded in Canada-balsam. UV-rays caused mortality, behavioral, morphological, cytological and histological changes in each planarian species. In regeneration of damaged body parts reticular cells and neoblasts played the main role. Neoblasts as totipotent cells extremely increased in number in the area of damaged tissue, immediately after UV-exposure. Dugesia tigrina was more sensitive to UV-rays than Polycelis felina due to possession of less pigmented cells. The course of regeneration in both species was similar. Most individuals of both species regenerated in 5 to 12 days after UV-irradiation.

}, keywords = {Animals, planarians, Ultraviolet Rays}, issn = {0015-5497}, author = {Kalafati{\'c}, Mirjana and Kovacevi{\'c}, Goran and Franjevi{\'c}, Damjan} } @article {1683, title = {Freshwater Triclad Planarians (Turbellaria) from Plummers Island, Maryland}, journal = {Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington}, volume = {15}, year = {2008}, note = {doi: 10.2988/0097-0298(2008)15[11:FTPTFP]2.0.CO;2}, month = {2008/05/01}, pages = {11 - 12}, publisher = {Biological Society of Washington}, abstract = {

Five species of freshwater triclad planarians were found on Plummers Island and the adjacent mainland property, Montgomery County, Maryland. One species (Dugesia [G.] tigrina) occupying the Potomac River and a tributary, is tolerant of degraded habitat. The other four occupy vernal pools (Hymanella retenuova and Phagocata velata) or spring-seeps (Phagocata morgani and Paraplanaria dactyligera) and appear to be indicators of high quality aquatic habitat. These five species represent 36\% of the total known Maryland fauna of 14 species.ABSTRACT Five species of freshwater triclad planarians were found on Plummers Island and the adjacent mainland property, Montgomery County, Maryland. One species (Dugesia [G.] tigrina) occupying the Potomac River and a tributary, is tolerant of degraded habitat. The other four occupy vernal pools (Hymanella retenuova and Phagocata velata) or spring-seeps (Phagocata morgani and Paraplanaria dactyligera) and appear to be indicators of high quality aquatic habitat. These five species represent 36\% of the total known Maryland fauna of 14 species.

}, isbn = {0097-0298}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2988/0097-0298(2008)15[11:FTPTFP]2.0.CO;2}, author = {Norden, Arnold W.} } @article {FWB:FWB21, title = {The reaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and the significance of this for their coexistence in British lakes}, journal = {Freshwater Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {21{\textendash}28}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {1. Three species of leeches, Erpobdella octoculata, Glossiphonia complanata and Helobdella stagnalis, and four species of triclads, Polycelis nigra, P. tennis, Dugesia polychroa and Dendrocoelum lacteum, commonly coexist on stony shores in productive British lakes. All species are food limited and there is much overlap in their diet. For both leech and triclad communities, coexistence of species is through the occurrence of food refuges. Leeches are more successful than triclads at capturing live prey, whereas both groups feed on damaged prey, comprising incapacitated, live or dead animals that are leaking body fluids. If triclads are better than leeches at exploiting damaged prey, this could be a mechanism for their coexistence.2. Laboratory experiments investigated the comparative speeds at which leeches and triclads responded to crushed prey. Young and adult predators were offered a crushed specimen of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, the snail Lymnaea peregra, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus or the chironomid Chironomus sp., and their reaction times recorded. These four prey groups constitute the main diet of the predators in the field. Only D. polychroa and D. lacteum showed a significantly different reaction time between young and adults to crushed prey, and the reason for this is unclear. All predators, except H. stagnalis and D. polychroa, showed a difference in reaction time to the four types of prey, presumably a consequence of differences in both the {\textquoteleft}quality{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}concentration{\textquoteright} of the different prey fluids, and there were some differences between predators in their speed of reaction to the same prey type. The following sequence, from fastest to slowest, in general reaction time to prey was obtained: E. octoculata, D. polychroa, P. tenuis, D. lacteum, P. nigra, H. stagnalis and G. complanata.3. The location of the damaged food by the predators can be explained partly in terms of their foraging behaviour, with E. octoculata, D, polychroa and P. tenuis exhibiting a more seek-out strategy than other species which have a more sit-and-wait behaviour, and partly on the level of sophistication of their chemosensory system used to detect leaked prey fluids. This system is highly developed in triclad species but poorly developed in leeches.4. In a second type of experiment in which prey, L. peregra, A. aquaticus or Chironomus sp., were offered at different time intervals after crushing to H, stagnalis and P. tenuis, few predators fed on food crushed for 24 h or longer, although a few leeches fed on Chironomus crushed for up to 72 h.5. It is concluded that coexistence of leech and triclad species on stony shores in lakes is assisted by partitioning of food on a damaged or live basis.}, issn = {1365-2427}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x}, author = {SEABY, R.M.H. and MARTIN, A.J. and YOUNG, J.O.} } @article {1542, title = {PlanMine {\textendash} a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversity}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/01/04}, pages = {D764 - D773}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

Planarian flatworms are in the midst of a renaissance as a model system for regeneration and stem cells. Besides two well-studied model species, hundreds of species exist worldwide that present a fascinating diversity of regenerative abilities, tissue turnover rates, reproductive strategies and other life history traits. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) aims to accomplish two primary missions: First, to provide an easily accessible platform for sharing, comparing and value-added mining of planarian sequence data. Second, to catalyze the comparative analysis of the phenotypic diversity amongst planarian species. Currently, PlanMine houses transcriptomes independently assembled by our lab and community contributors. Detailed assembly/annotation statistics, a custom-developed BLAST viewer and easy export options enable comparisons at the contig and assembly level. Consistent annotation of all transcriptomes by an automated pipeline, the integration of published gene expression information and inter-relational query tools provide opportunities for mining planarian gene sequences and functions. For inter-species comparisons, we include transcriptomes of, so far, six planarian species, along with images, expert-curated information on their biology and pre-calculated cross-species sequence homologies. PlanMine is based on the popular InterMine system in order to make the rich biology of planarians accessible to the general life sciences research community.

}, isbn = {0305-10481362-4962}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702831/}, author = {Brandl, Holger and Moon, HongKee and Vila-Farr{\'e}, Miquel and Liu, Shang-Yun and Henry, Ian and Rink, Jochen C} } @article {1493, title = {Evolutionary Analysis of Mitogenomes from Parasitic and Free-Living Flatworms}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {e0120081}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, CA USA}, abstract = {

Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are useful and relatively accessible sources of molecular data to explore and understand the evolutionary history and relationships of eukaryotic organisms across diverse taxonomic levels. The availability of complete mitogenomes from Platyhelminthes is limited; of the 40 or so published most are from parasitic flatworms (Neodermata). Here, we present the mitogenomes of two free-living flatworms (Tricladida): the complete genome of the freshwater species Crenobia alpina (Planariidae) and a nearly complete genome of the land planarian Obama sp. (Geoplanidae). Moreover, we have reanotated the published mitogenome of the species Dugesia japonica (Dugesiidae). This contribution almost doubles the total number of mtDNAs published for Tricladida, a species-rich group including model organisms and economically important invasive species. We took the opportunity to conduct comparative mitogenomic analyses between available free-living and selected parasitic flatworms in order to gain insights into the putative effect of life cycle on nucleotide composition through mutation and natural selection. Unexpectedly, we did not find any molecular hallmark of a selective relaxation in mitogenomes of parasitic flatworms; on the contrary, three out of the four studied free-living triclad mitogenomes exhibit higher A+T content and selective relaxation levels. Additionally, we provide new and valuable molecular data to develop markers for future phylogenetic studies on planariids and geoplanids.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4368550/}, author = {Sol{\`a}, Eduard and {\'A}lvarez-Presas, Marta and Fr{\'\i}as-L{\'o}pez, Cristina and Littlewood, D Timothy J and Rozas, Julio and Riutort, Marta}, editor = {Escriva, Hector} } @article {714, title = {Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit et descripsit. Pars. I. Turbellaria Dendrocoela}, journal = {Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia}, volume = {9}, year = {1857}, pages = {19-31}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84745$\#$page/33/mode/1up}, author = {W. Stimpson} } @article {786, title = {A brief account of the fresh water species of Planariae inhabiting the United States}, journal = {Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History}, volume = {3}, year = {1850}, pages = {264-265}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35741$\#$page/272/mode/1up}, author = {Charles Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Girard} } @article {778, title = {Der genitalapparat der tricladen und seine beziehungen zu ihrer allgemeinen morphologie, phylogenie, {\"o}kologie und verbreitung}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r morphologie und {\"o}kologie der Tiere}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {1928}, month = {09/1928}, pages = {570-612}, issn = {0372-9389}, doi = {10.1007/BF02424587}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2FBF02424587}, author = {Josef Meixner} } @article {351, title = {The fresh-water triclads of Michigan}, journal = {Miscellaneous publications / University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology}, volume = {60}, year = {1944}, pages = {1-44}, url = {http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/56305/MP060.pdf?sequence=1}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {171, title = {The effect of temperature on the life-cycle of four species of lake-dwelling triclads}, journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology}, volume = {34}, year = {1965}, chapter = {23}, author = {T. B. Reynoldson and J. O. Young and Margaret C. Taylor} } @article {755, title = {Report on the ecological survey of freshwater planarians in Kyoto city and its adjacent district, Honshu}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {1967}, pages = {112-118}, abstract = {

In the vicinity of Kyoto City, 4 species of freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica, Phagocata vivida, Phagocata kawakatsui and Bdellocephala brunnea, were found. D. japonica was most common in the stations both in the plain and the mountainous districts (below the altitude of about 950 m). P. vivida was rather common in the cold-water stations within the altitude range from about 120 to 950 m or more. P. kawakatsui was found only in a spring-fed stream in Kameoka City (Asahi-cho; the type locality of this species) and in a shallow well at Saga-tenryuji-chd in Kyoto City. A small population of B. brunnea was found in a large spring-fed stream at Nishioji-sichijo in Kyoto City (the southernmost locality of this species). This station is well known to biologists as the locality of the sexual race of D. japonica (the Nishioji stock). The type of the vertical distribution in the area surveyed is shown as J-JV-V (J; D japonica; V: P vivida). The 2 species of true lake-dwelling tri-clads, BdellocepEala annandalci and Dendrocoelopsis? sp. of Lake Biwa-ko, were recorded from the muddy bottom (35 to 50 m or more in depth) of the middle and northern parts of Lake Biwa-ko.

}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Ogawara, Genchu and Tarui, Yoshitsugu} } @article {646, title = {Report on freshwater planarians from Pakistan}, journal = {The Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {11}, year = {1973}, month = {12/1973}, pages = {79-95}, address = {Sapporo}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {839, title = {An illustrated list of japanese freshwater planarians in color}, journal = {Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {7}, year = {1969}, pages = {45-91}, address = {Sapporo}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @inbook {470, title = {A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria)}, booktitle = {Biology of the Turbellaria}, year = {1974}, pages = {339-401}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, author = {Ian R. Ball} } @article {629, title = {Index to the genera and species of the freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of the world}, number = {183}, year = {1974}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.183}, url = {https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/5332}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {762, title = {A laboratory study of substrate and temperature preferences of three species of freshwater planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida)}, journal = {Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science}, volume = {55}, year = {1980}, pages = {117-120}, url = {http://iweb.tntech.edu/sstedman/JTAS\%2055-4.pdf}, author = {Speight, D. C. and Chandler, C. M.} } @article {348, title = {The planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida, Paludicola) of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia}, number = {280}, year = {1978}, url = {http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0280.pdf}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {130, title = {The biogeography of the genus Dugesia (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Paludicola) in the Mediterranean region}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {12}, year = {1985}, pages = {509-518}, chapter = {509}, author = {Elizabeth J. De Vries} } @article {167, title = {Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {2779}, year = {2011}, month = {02/2011}, pages = {1-38}, author = {Miquel Vila-Farr{\'e} and Ronald Sluys and {\'I}o Almagro and Mette Handberg-Thorsager and Rafael Romero} } @article {307, title = {Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Palearctic section of the African continent: new records, with the description of a new species}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3182}, year = {2012}, pages = {1-15}, author = {Harrath, A. H. and Ronald Sluys and Merzoug, D. and Yacoubi-Khebiza, M. and Saleh Alwasel and Marta Riutort} } @article {308, title = {A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Afromontane forest in South Africa, with an overview of freshwater planarians from the African continent}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3551}, year = {2012}, pages = {43{\textendash}58}, author = {Giacinta Angela Stocchino and Ronald Sluys and Manconi, Renata} } @article {479, title = {Subterranean Aquatic Planarians of Sardinia, with a Discussion on the Penial Flagellum and the Bursal Canal Sphincter in the Genus Dendrocoelum (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae)}, journal = {Journal of Cave and Karst Studies}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {08/2013}, pages = {93-112}, chapter = {93}, issn = {1090-6924}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2011LSC0252}, url = {http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v75/cave-75-02-93.pdf}, author = {Giacinta Angela Stocchino and Ronald Sluys and Palolo Marcia and Manconi, Renata} }