@article {1831, title = {Euplanaria cretica Meixner, eine Triklade mit eigentuamlichem Druesenorgan}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {92}, year = {1930}, pages = {247-253}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1766, title = {Triploid planarian reproduces truly bisexually with euploid gametes produced through a different meiotic system between sex.}, journal = {Chromosoma}, volume = {123}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Jun}, pages = {265-72}, abstract = {

Although polyploids are common among plants and some animals, polyploidization often causes reproductive failure. Triploids, in particular, are characterized by the problems of chromosomal pairing and segregation during meiosis, which may cause aneuploid gametes and results in sterility. Thus, they are generally considered to reproduce only asexually. In the case of the Platyhelminthes Dugesia ryukyuensis, populations with triploid karyotypes are normally found in nature as both fissiparous and oviparous triploids. Fissiparous triploids can also be experimentally sexualized if they are fed sexual planarians, developing both gonads and other reproductive organs. Fully sexualized worms begin reproducing by copulation rather than fission. In this study, we examined the genotypes of the offspring obtained by breeding sexualized triploids and found that the offspring inherited genes from both parents, i.e., they reproduced truly bisexually. Furthermore, meiotic chromosome behavior in triploid sexualized planarians differed significantly between male and female germ lines, in that female germ line cells remained triploid until prophase I, whereas male germ line cells appeared to become diploid before entry into meiosis. Oocytes at the late diplotene stage contained not only paired bivalents but also unpaired univalents that were suggested to produce diploid eggs if they remained in subsequent processes. Triploid planarians may therefore form euploid gametes by different meiotic systems in female and male germ lines and thus are be able to reproduce sexually in contrast to many other triploid organisms.

}, keywords = {Animals, Chromosomes, Female, Germ Cells, Male, Meiosis, planarians, reproduction, Triploidy}, issn = {1432-0886}, doi = {10.1007/s00412-013-0449-2}, author = {Chinone, Ayako and Nodono, Hanae and Matsumoto, Midori} } @article {1765, title = {Sperm resorption in triclads (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {Invertebrate Reproduction and Development}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {89-95}, abstract = {

Triclads use the excess of spermatozoa received from the partner during copulation as an additional source of nutritive material. Digestion of sperm takes place in various sperm resorptive organs, such as the copulatory bursa, lateral bursae, spermiduct, resorptive vesicles, and oviducal tubae. Sperm resorptive organs may concern either newly evolved organs, or result from a change of function in an already existing structure.

}, doi = {10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, author = {Ronald Sluys} } @article {1764, title = {Coefficients thermiques et ecologie de quelques planaires d{\textquoteright}eau douce 2: Tol{\'e}rance de Dugesia gonocephala}, journal = {Annales de Limnologie}, volume = {4}, year = {1968}, pages = {99-104}, abstract = {

Pour D. gonocephala, les limites de survie ind\éfinie \à temp\érature constante et en eau agit\ée sont voisines de 20-21\° C. Par sa r\ésistance thermique comme par sa r\épartition dans la nature, cette esp\èce se montre remarquablement interm\édiaire entre Polycelis felina et Polycelis nigra.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/1968014}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BFE559A642FAF2A4AA9F435F4E740180/S0003408868000142a.pdf/coefficients_thermiques_et_ecologie_de_quelques_planaires_deau_douce_2_tolerance_de_dugesia_gonocephala.pdf}, author = {Patt{\'e}e, E} } @article {1763, title = {Coefficients thermiques et ecologie de quelques planaires d{\textquoteright}eau douce 4: La reproduction de Dugesia gonocephala}, journal = {Annales de Limnologie}, volume = {6}, year = {1970}, pages = {293-304}, url = {https://www.limnology-journal.org/articles/limn/pdf/1970/03/limn197063p293.pdf}, author = {Patt{\'e}e, E} } @article {1762, title = {Nuove osservazioni sul deter-minismo e sulla ereditarieta della riproduzione asessuale in una razza di Dugesia (Euplanaria) gonocephala}, journal = {Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bochicott }, volume = {11}, year = {1940}, pages = {25-31}, abstract = {

Asexual reproduction may continue for many years unceasingly, giving rise to an active multiplication of the studied race. From the agamic cultures some sexual specimens were obtained, with a fecundity inferior to the normal. This confirms that the asexual reproduction is probably determined by peculiar genetic factors.

}, author = {Mario Benazzi} } @article {1731, title = {The identification of ᴅ-tryptophan as a bioactive substance for postembryonic ovarian development in the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/03/24/online}, pages = {45175 - }, publisher = {The Author(s)}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep45175}, author = {Kobayashi, Kazuya and Maezawa, Takanobu and Tanaka, Hiroyuki and Onuki, Hiroyuki and Horiguchi, Yurie and Hirota, Hiroshi and Ishida, Tetsuo and Horiike, Kihachiro and Agata, Yasutoshi and Aoki, Manabu and Hoshi, Motonori and Matsumoto, Midori} } @article {1676, title = {Biochemical and Molecular Study of Carpobrotus edulis Bioactive Properties and Their Effects on Dugesia sicula (Turbellaria, Tricladida) Regeneration}, year = {2017}, month = {2017//}, pages = {1 - 13}, abstract = {

The traditional medicinal properties of Carpobrotus edulis are well recognized, particularly in Tunisia where it is used for wound healing. Thus, in this study, biochemical and molecular properties of its leaves\’ bioactive aqueous-acetone extract were investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extract was estimated to be 184\ \±\ 5\ mg/100\ g of fresh matter (FM). The qualitative and quantitative polyphenolic profile was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (UPLC-DAD) and showed that chlorogenic acid was the major compound (43.7\%). The extract exhibits potent antioxidant capacities with IC50\ =\ 56.19 and 58.91\ \μg/ml, as accessed via the anionic DPPH and cationic ABTS radical scavenging assays, respectively. The extract has high antibacterial properties, especially against the Gram+ Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus strains. To investigate the extract effect on regeneration, the flatworm Dugesia sicula Lepori, 1948, was used as a model. The macroscopic analysis of planarian cultures in ordinary medium containing phenolic extract at non-toxic concentrations illustrated that the extract caused morphological changes. Additionally, the molecular study through the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique showed that C. edulis polyphenols can harm the stem cells\’ development. These results emphasize the ecotoxicological impact of phenolic rejections in the environment on flatworms\’ physiology.

}, isbn = {1559-0291}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2387-y}, author = {Meddeb, Emna and Charni, Mohamed and Ghazouani, Tesnime and Cozzolino, Autilia and Fratianni, Florinda and Raboudi, Faten and Nazzaro, Filomena and Fattouch, Sami} } @article {1675, title = {Identification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in Dugesia japonica}, volume = {613}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/5/20/}, pages = {1 - 9}, abstract = {

AbstractPlacenta specific protein 8 (Plac8) has been well studied in vertebrates, yet little is known in invertebrates. In this study, a novel Plac8 from the planarian Dugesia japonica was identified and its functions in immune responses and development were characterized. Our results show that Djplac8 was expressed in the pharynx, epidermis and intestine of intact adult planarian. The expression of DjPlac8 increased significantly upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, and inhibited the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), suggesting the role of Plac8 in immune response. Spatial and temporal expression and distribution of DjPlac8 mRNA in regenerated planarians indicates that DjPlac8 was mainly expressed in the pharynx. In situ hybridization also revealed the elevated expression of the DjPlac8 gene in the embryonic pharynx, germ band and parenchyma cells, indicating an important role in embryonic development of D. japonica. When DjPlac8 was deactivated by RNA interference-mediated knockdown, the head of planarians underwent abnormal development. In summary, we identified DjPlac8 as a novel multifunctional protein that plays essential roles in immune response and development of planarians.

}, keywords = {Development, Immunity, Pharynx, Plac8, planarian}, isbn = {0378-1119}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378111917301130}, author = {Pang, Qiuxiang and Gao, Lili and Bai, Yun and Deng, Hongkuan and Han, Yu and Hu, Wenjing and Zhang, Yanhui and Yuan, Shanhang and Sun, Wenping and Lu, Yiqian and Zhang, Xiufang and Liu, Baohua and Zhao, Bosheng} } @article {1548, title = {Comparative sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species to wastewater from an operational coal mine in central Queensland, Australia}, volume = {129}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/7//}, pages = {1 - 9}, abstract = {AbstractCoal excavation and refinement processes generate substantial volumes of contaminated effluent that may be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. As such, understanding the impacts of coal mine water releases on aquatic animals and ecosystems is essential for effectively managing and protecting neighboring environments. Such information will ultimately be applied towards developing ongoing monitoring strategies that are protective of native wildlife. Despite intensive mining operations in Australia, few studies have documented toxicity associated with coal mine wastewater (CMW) on native species. To address existing knowledge gaps, we investigated acute toxicity (48{\textendash}96 h) using eight native invertebrate species and sub-chronic effects (2 week) using three vertebrate species following exposure to wastewater from two dams (CMW1 and CMW2) located at an open-cut coal mine licensed to discharge into the Fitzroy catchment (Queensland, Australia). Wastewater from these sites is characterized by elevated conductivity, pH, sulfates as well as relatively high total and dissolved metal(loid)s (including As, Al, B, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn). Acute exposures revealed cladocerans (Daphnia carinata) and planarians (Dugesia sp.) to be the most sensitive species, exhibiting significant mortality after 48 and 96 h exposure to CMW2, respectively. Neither wastewater was found to elicit acute toxicity in vertebrates, but a range of sub-lethal morphological effects were observed following the sub-chronic exposures. The overall response pattern was characterized by decreased condition factor and hepatosomatic index in the fish Hypseleotris compressa and Pseudomugil signifier, and in Limnodynastes peronii tadpoles. Tadpoles were generally more sensitive compared to the two fish species. Differences in responses were observed amongst CMW1 and CMW2, which likely relates to differences in physico-chemical properties between sites. Our results have identified several candidate vertebrate and invertebrate species that show promise for ongoing monitoring of water quality and toxicity risk in Central Queensland, Australia. }, keywords = {Australia, Coal mine wastewater, Fish, Invertebrates, Tadpole, Whole effluent toxicity}, isbn = {0147-6513}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765131630063X}, author = {Lanct{\^o}t, C. and Wilson, S.P. and Fabbro, L. and Leusch, F.D.L. and Melvin, S.D.} } @article {1546, title = {De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Immune Related Genes and the RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Freshwater Planarian (Dugesia japonica)}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {11}, year = {2016}, month = {2016}, pages = {e0151597}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, CA USA}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica (D. japonica) possesses extraordinary ability to regenerate lost organs or body parts. Interestingly, in the process of regeneration, there is little wound infection, suggesting that D. japonica has a formidable innate immune system. The importance of immune system prompted us to search for immune-related genes and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways. RESULTS: Transcriptome sequencing of D. japonica was performed on an IlluminaHiSeq2000 platform. A total of 27,180 transcripts were obtained by Trinity assembler. CEGMA analysis and mapping of all trimmed reads back to the assembly result showed that our transcriptome assembly covered most of the whole transcriptome. 23,888 out of 27,180 transcripts contained ORF (open reading fragment), and were highly similar to those in Schistosoma mansoni using BLASTX analysis. 8,079 transcripts (29.7\%) and 8,668 (31.9\%) were annotated by Blast2GO and KEGG respectively. A DYNLRB-like gene was cloned to verify its roles in the immune response. Finally, the expression patterns of 4 genes (RIG-I, TRAF3, TRAF6, P38) in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were detected, and the results showed they are very likely to be involved in planarian immune response. CONCLUSION: RNA-Seq analysis based on the next-generation sequencing technology was an efficient approach to discover critical genes and to understand their corresponding biological functions. Through GO and KEGG analysis, several critical and conserved signaling pathways and genes related to RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were identified. Four candidate genes were selected to identify their expression dynamics in the process of pathogen stimulation. These annotated transcripts of D. japonica provide a useful resource for subsequent investigation of other important pathways.}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4795655/}, author = {Pang, Qiuxiang and Gao, Lili and Hu, Wenjing and An, Yang and Deng, Hongkuan and Zhang, Yichao and Sun, Xiaowen and Zhu, Guangzhong and Liu, Baohua and Zhao, Bosheng}, editor = {Robinson-Rechavi, Marc} } @article {1538, title = {Unusually Large Number of Mutations in Asexually Reproducing Clonal Planarian Dugesia japonica}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {e0143525}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, CA USA}, abstract = {

We established a laboratory clonal strain of freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica) that was derived from a single individual and that continued to undergo autotomous asexual reproduction for more than 20 years, and we performed large-scale genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis on it. Despite the fact that a completely clonal strain of the planarian was used, an unusually large number of mutations were detected. To enable quantitative genetic analysis of such a unique organism, we developed a new model called the Reference Gene Model, and used it to conduct large-scale transcriptome analysis. The results revealed large numbers of mutations not only outside but also inside gene-coding regions. Non-synonymous SNPs were detected in 74\% of the genes for which valid ORFs were predicted. Interestingly, the high-mutation genes, such as metabolism- and defense-related genes, were correlated with genes that were previously identified as diverse genes among different planarian species. Although a large number of amino acid substitutions were apparently accumulated during asexual reproduction over this long period of time, the planarian maintained normal body-shape, behaviors, and physiological functions. The results of the present study reveal a unique aspect of asexual reproduction.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4654569/}, author = {Nishimura, Osamu and Hosoda, Kazutaka and Kawaguchi, Eri and Yazawa, Shigenobu and Hayashi, Tetsutaro and Inoue, Takeshi and Umesono, Yoshihiko and Agata, Kiyokazu}, editor = {Fu, Binying} } @article {1520, title = {Comprehensive gene expression analyses in pluripotent stem cells of a planarian, Dugesia japonica}, volume = {56}, year = {2012}, month = {2012//}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.113434ns}, author = {Shibata, N. and Hayashi, T. and Fukumura, R. and Fujii, J. and Kudome-Takamatsu, T. and Nishimura, O.} } @article {1493, title = {Evolutionary Analysis of Mitogenomes from Parasitic and Free-Living Flatworms}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {e0120081}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, address = {San Francisco, CA USA}, abstract = {

Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are useful and relatively accessible sources of molecular data to explore and understand the evolutionary history and relationships of eukaryotic organisms across diverse taxonomic levels. The availability of complete mitogenomes from Platyhelminthes is limited; of the 40 or so published most are from parasitic flatworms (Neodermata). Here, we present the mitogenomes of two free-living flatworms (Tricladida): the complete genome of the freshwater species Crenobia alpina (Planariidae) and a nearly complete genome of the land planarian Obama sp. (Geoplanidae). Moreover, we have reanotated the published mitogenome of the species Dugesia japonica (Dugesiidae). This contribution almost doubles the total number of mtDNAs published for Tricladida, a species-rich group including model organisms and economically important invasive species. We took the opportunity to conduct comparative mitogenomic analyses between available free-living and selected parasitic flatworms in order to gain insights into the putative effect of life cycle on nucleotide composition through mutation and natural selection. Unexpectedly, we did not find any molecular hallmark of a selective relaxation in mitogenomes of parasitic flatworms; on the contrary, three out of the four studied free-living triclad mitogenomes exhibit higher A+T content and selective relaxation levels. Additionally, we provide new and valuable molecular data to develop markers for future phylogenetic studies on planariids and geoplanids.

}, isbn = {1932-6203}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4368550/}, author = {Sol{\`a}, Eduard and {\'A}lvarez-Presas, Marta and Fr{\'\i}as-L{\'o}pez, Cristina and Littlewood, D Timothy J and Rozas, Julio and Riutort, Marta}, editor = {Escriva, Hector} } @article {1492, title = {The taxonomic status of Dugesia biblica from Israel and Turkey (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae)}, journal = {ZooKeys}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {1 - 12}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, abstract = {

The taxonomic status of Dugesia biblica (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from Israel and Turkey is problematic due to its morphological similarity with Dugesia sicula since these nominal species present overlapping characters. In this study we analyzed histological preparations of specimens of these two nominal species and also compared mitochondrial COI gene sequences from Israeli populations to the already known haplotype composition of Dugesia sicula. We concluded that these animals belong to the same species and therefore we consider Dugesia biblica to be a junior synonym of Dugesia sicula. This implies that the distribution range of Dugesia sicula is even wider than previously thought, and that the species is present all around the Mediterranean Basin and on many of its islands.

}, isbn = {1313-29891313-2970}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467178/}, author = {Sol{\`a}, Eduard and Sluys, Ronald and Segev, Ori and Blaustein, Leon and Riutort, Marta} }