@article {1844, title = {Miscellaneous Papers on Turbellarians. II. Additions and corrections of the previous land planarian indices of the world (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida, Terricola) - 11}, journal = {The bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s University}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {89-114}, url = {http://planarian.net/db/lpindex/ix2003.pdf}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Eudoxia Maria Froehlich and Hugh D. Jones and Robert E. Ogren and Gen-Yu Sasaki} } @article {1833, title = {Some land planarians of the United States and Europe, with remarks on nomenclature}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, year = {1954}, pages = {1-21}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4911//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1667.pdf?sequence=1\&isAllowed=y}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1741, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Kenntnis der Genera Bipalium und Rhynchodemus}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Zool. Jb. Syst.)}, volume = {46}, year = {1923}, pages = {489-516 + Taf. 15}, author = {Karl Frieb} } @article {1496, title = {The invasive land planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {2015/06/23}, pages = {e1037}, abstract = {

The land planarian Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 or \“New Guinea flatworm\” is a highly invasive species, mainly in the Pacific area, and recently in Europe (France). We report specimens from six additional countries and territories: New Caledonia (including mainland and two of the Loyalty Islands, Lifou and Mar\é), Wallis and Futuna Islands, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Puerto Rico, and Florida, USA. We analysed the COI gene (barcoding) in these specimens with two sets of primers and obtained 909 bp long sequences. In addition, specimens collected in Townsville (Australia) were also sequenced. Two haplotypes of the COI sequence, differing by 3.7\%, were detected: the \“World haplotype\” found in France, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Singapore, Florida and Puerto Rico; and the \“Australian haplotype\” found in Australia. The only locality with both haplotypes was in the Solomon Islands. The country of origin of Platydemus manokwari is New Guinea, and Australia and the Solomon Islands are the countries closest to New Guinea from which we had specimens. These results suggest that two haplotypes exist in the area of origin of the species, but that only one of the two haplotypes (the \“World haplotype\”) has, through human agency, been widely dispersed. However, since P. manokwari is now recorded from 22 countries in the world and we have genetic information from only 8 of these, with none from New Guinea, this analysis provides only partial knowledge of the genetic structure of the invasive species. Morphological analysis of specimens from both haplotypes has shown some differences in ratio of the genital structures but did not allow us to interpret the haplotypes as different species. The new reports from Florida and Puerto Rico are firsts for the USA, for the American continent, and the Caribbean. P. manokwari is a known threat for endemic terrestrial molluscs and its presence is a matter of concern. While most of the infected territories reported until now were islands, the newly reported presence of the species in mainland US in Florida should be considered a potential major threat to the whole US and even the Americas.

}, keywords = {Alien species, Flatworm, French Polynesia, Invasive species, Land planarian, New Caledonia, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Solomon Island, USA}, isbn = {2167-8359}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1037}, author = {Justine,Jean-Lou and Winsor,Leigh and Barri{\`e}re,Patrick and Fanai,Crispus and Gey,Delphine and Han,Andrew Wee Kien and La Quay-Vel{\'a}zquez,Giomara and Lee,Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann and Lefevre,Jean-Marc and Meyer,Jean-Yves and Philippart,David and Robinson,David G. and Th{\'e}venot,Jessica and Tsatsia,Francis}, editor = {Buckley,Hannah} } @article {26, title = {Resdescription of Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1962 Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) from Guam and the Philippines}, journal = {Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology}, volume = {47}, year = {1992}, month = {06/1992}, pages = {11-25}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Platydemus manokwari DE BEAUCHAMP, 1962 (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) is redescribed in detail based upon materials from Guam and Bugsuk Island, the Philippines. The animals measure up 50 to 80mm or more in length and 4 to 8mm in width and black in color with a narrow middorsal longitudinal stripe on the dorsal surface. This species is known as a predator of giant African snails. Geographical distribution and ecology of this land planarian species are also discussed.

}, url = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002341506/en}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Robert E. Ogren and MUNIAPPAN, R.} } @article {48, title = {Development of the reproductive apparatus of the land planarian Rhynchodemus sylvaticus (Turbellaria: Tricladida) and its significance for classification in the genus}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {132}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {175-180}, chapter = {175}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046245}, author = {Robert E. Ogren} } @article {292, title = {High Predation Pressure by an Introduced Flatworm on Land Snails on the Oceanic Ogasawara Islands}, journal = {Biotropica}, volume = {39}, number = {5}, year = {2006}, pages = {700-703}, chapter = {700}, abstract = {

The introduction of a predatory flatworm, Platydemus manokwari, has been considered a cause of the decline of endemic land snails on the tropical oceanic islands. To clarify the effect of P. manokwari on land snail survival in the field, we examined survival rates of snails experimentally placed in areas where snails are absent (i.e., P. manokwari is present) on Chichijima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands. We found that over 50 and 90 percent of the snails were dead after 3 and 11 d, respectively, and that the main cause of mortality was predation by P. manokwari.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00196.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00196.x/abstract}, author = {Sugiura, S. and Okochi, I. and Tamada, H.} } @article {46, title = {Comparative karyotype analysis in diploid and triploid Dolichoplana carvalhoi (Tricladida, Terricola, Rhynchodemidae) from Brazil}, journal = {Genetics and Molecular Biology}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {375-379}, chapter = {375}, issn = {1415-4757}, doi = {10.1590/S1415-47572007000300013 }, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1415-47572007000300013}, author = {Alvarez, Luciana and Cardoso de Almeida, Eunice Judith} } @article {286, title = {Potential impacts of the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails}, journal = {Biological Invasions}, volume = {11}, year = {2009}, pages = {737-742}, chapter = {737}, abstract = {

The introduction of the snail-eating flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Tricladida: Rhynchodemidae) has been considered a cause of the extinction of native land snails on several Pacific islands. Although P. manokwari is known to attack land snails on the ground, whether P. manokwari attacks snails on trees remains unclear. To clarify the effect of P. manokwari on arboreal snails, we examined survival rates of land snails experimentally placed on tree trunks (0.5\–2.0 m above the ground) in a forest on Chichijima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The survival of snails experimentally placed on tree trunks with artificially created snail scent trails rapidly decreased for 7 days, and the mortality was caused by P. manokwari predation. However, snails placed on tree trunks without snail scent trails were not attacked by P. manokwari. Therefore, P. manokwari climbed tree trunks, likely tracking the snail scent. We found that over 40\% of the snails placed on tree trunks with snail scent trails were eaten by P. manokwari within 7 days. This experiment supports the hypothesis that P. manokwari predation is an important cause of the rapid decline or extinction of native arboreal snails on Pacific islands.

}, doi = {10.1007/s10530-008-9287-1}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/l654j1846k803u22/}, author = {Sugiura, S. and Yamaura, Y.} } @article {287, title = {Seasonal fluctuation of invasive flatworm predation pressure on land snails: Implications for the range expansion and impacts of invasive species}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, volume = {142}, number = {12}, year = {2009}, pages = {3013-3019}, chapter = {3013}, abstract = {

Introduction of the snail-eating flatworm Platydemus manokwari has caused extinction and decline of native land snails on tropical and subtropical islands. As the factors influencing flatworm predation pressure on land snails remain unclear, I examined the effects of seasonal variation in flatworm predation pressure on land snail survival in the wild on a subtropical island. I also examined the feeding activities of P. manokwari under laboratory conditions. Survival rates of land snails experimentally placed on the forest floor for 7 days ranged from 0\% to 100\% among seasons on the oceanic island Chichijima [Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands]. More than 90\% of snails were killed by P. manokwari within 7 days in the period from July to November, while less than 40\% of snails were killed in other months. Snail mortality rate (0\–100\%) attributable to P. manokwari was positively correlated with mean temperature (17.1\–27.3 \°C) in the study area. Laboratory experiments showed that low temperature influenced snail survival and regulated feeding activity of P. manokwari. Laboratory experiments also suggested that high densities of P. manokwari may cause a rapid decline in snail survival. Therefore, ambient temperature and density of P. manokwari may regulate seasonal variations in predation pressure on land snails. Recent global warming may increase the probability of invasion and population establishment, and elevate the impacts of P. manokwari in temperate regions.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.032}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320709003619}, author = {Sugiura, S.} } @article {47, title = {Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola) from the Iberian Peninsula: new records and description of three new species}, journal = {Zootaxa}, number = {1739}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {1-20}, chapter = {1}, author = {Vila-Farre, M. and Mateos, E. and Sluys, R. and Romero, R.} } @article {springerlink:10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4, title = {Prey-tracking behavior in the invasive terrestrial planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {Naturwissenschaften}, volume = {97}, year = {2010}, note = {10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4}, pages = {997-1002}, publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg}, abstract = {

Platydemus manokwari is a broadly distributed invasive terrestrial flatworm that preys heavily on land snails and has been credited with the demise of numerous threatened island faunas. We examined whether P. manokwari tracks the mucus trails of land snail prey, investigated its ability to determine trail direction, and evaluated prey preference among various land snail species. A plastic treatment plate with the mucus trail of a single species and a control plate without the trail were placed side by side at the exit of cages housing P. manokwari . All trials were then videotaped overnight. The flatworms moved along plates with mucus trails, but did not respond to plates without trails, blank control (distilled water), or with conspecific flatworm trails. When presented at the midpoint of a snail mucus trail, the flatworms followed the trail in a random direction. The flatworms showed a preference when choosing between two plates, each with a mucus trail of different land snail species. Our results suggest that P. manokwari follows snail mucus trails based on chemical cues to increase the chance of encountering prey; however, trail-tracking behavior showed no directionality.

}, issn = {0028-1042}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4}, author = {Iwai, Noriko and Sugiura, Shinji and Chiba, Satoshi} } @article {56, title = {Prey preference and gregarious attacks by the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari}, journal = {Biological Invasions}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, month = {1507}, pages = {1499}, chapter = {1499}, abstract = {

The flatworm Platydemus manokwari (Tricladida: Rhynchodemidae) preys on various species of land snail, and its introduction to areas outside of its native range is thought to have caused the extinction of native land snails on several Pacific islands. Platydemus manokwari occurs in areas where land snails have been absent since its invasion, suggesting that the flatworm can prey on animals other than land snails. To identify the alternative prey and prey preferences of P. manokwari, I examined the feeding ecology of P. manokwari under field and laboratory conditions. Individuals were observed attacking live earthworms in a forest where land snails are already extinct, on Chichijima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. I also observed them attacking earthworms and a species of isopod and land snail in the lab. To prey on the worm, similar to other earthworm-eating flatworms, P. manokwari wrapped itself around the prey and fed on it by inserting its pharynx into the earthworm\’s body. Large earthworms were able to escape P. manokwari attacks by autotomy, but the autotomized body parts were eaten. Several P. manokwari individuals together attacked earthworms that were larger than themselves. The laboratory experiments showed that such gregarious attacks increased predation success on both large earthworms and land snails. The flatworms also attacked the isopods, although the predation rate was low. These results demonstrate that P. manokwari is a polyphagous predator of slowmoving soil invertebrates (land snails, slugs, earthworms, and isopods) and that invasion by P. manokwari may directly and indirectly impact native soil fauna.

}, author = {Sugiura, S.} } @article {154, title = {Land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from the Iberian Peninsula: new records and description of two new species, with a discussion on ecology}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {45}, number = {15\&16}, year = {2011}, pages = {869 - 891}, chapter = {869}, doi = {10.1080/00222933.2010.536267}, url = {http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/539097_788671212_935776938.pdf}, author = {Miquel Vila-Farr{\'e} and Ronald Sluys and Mateos, Eduardo and Hugh D. Jones and Rafael Romero} } @article {739, title = {The invasive New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {e297}, abstract = {

Non-indigenous terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes) have been recorded in thirteen European countries. They include Bipalium kewense and Dolichoplana striata that are largely restricted to hothouses and may be regarded as non-invasive species. In addition there are species from the southern hemisphere such as the invasive New Zealand flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus in the United Kingdom, Eire and the Faroe Islands, the Australian flatworm Australoplana sanguinea alba in Eire and the United Kingdom, and the Australian Blue Garden flatworm Caenoplana coerulea in France, Menorca and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has some twelve or more non-indigenous species most of which are Australian and New Zealand species. These species may move to an invasive stage when optimum environmental and other conditions occur, and the flatworms then have the potential to cause economic or environmental harm. In this paper, we report the identification (from morphology and molecular analysis of COI sequences) of non-indigenous terrestrial flatworms found in a hothouse in Caen (France) as the New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola, Geoplanidae, Rhynchodeminae). Platydemus manokwari is among the \“100 World\’s Worst Invader Alien Species\”. Lists of World geographic records, prey in the field and prey in laboratories of P. manokwari are provided. This species is considered a threat to native snails wherever it is introduced. The recent discovery of P. manokwari in France represents a significant extension of distribution of this Invasive Alien Species from the Indo-Pacific region to Europe. If it escaped the hothouse, the flatworm might survive winters and become established in temperate countries. The existence of this species in France requires an early warning of this incursion to State and European Union authorities, followed by the eradication of the flatworm in its locality, tightening of internal quarantine measures to prevent further spread of the flatworm to and from this site, identifying if possible the likely primary source of the flatworm, and tracing other possible incursions that may have resulted from accidental dispersal of plants and soil from the site.

}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.297}, url = {https://peerj.com/articles/297.pdf}, author = {Jean-Lou Justine​ and Leigh Winsor and Delphine Gey and Pierre Gros and Jessica Th{\'e}venot} }