00834nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006300041210006000104300001000164490000700174520044400181100001800625856006900643 1989 eng d00aSperm resorption in triclads (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)0 aSperm resorption in triclads Platyhelminthes Tricladida a89-950 v153 a

Triclads use the excess of spermatozoa received from the partner during copulation as an additional source of nutritive material. Digestion of sperm takes place in various sperm resorptive organs, such as the copulatory bursa, lateral bursae, spermiduct, resorptive vesicles, and oviducal tubae. Sperm resorptive organs may concern either newly evolved organs, or result from a change of function in an already existing structure.

1 aSluys, Ronald uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1989.967202802351nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204520180600220100002602026700002002052700002102072700001602093700002002109856005202129 2017 eng d a1549-546900aIncreased taxon sampling reveals thousands of hidden orthologs in flatworms0 aIncreased taxon sampling reveals thousands of hidden orthologs i c2017 Apr 113 a

Gains and losses shape the gene complement of animal lineages and are a fundamental aspect of genomic evolution. Acquiring a comprehensive view of the evolution of gene repertoires is limited by the intrinsic limitations of common sequence similarity searches and available databases. Thus, a subset of the gene complement of an organism consists of hidden orthologs, i.e., those with no apparent homology to sequenced animal lineages - mistakenly considered new genes - but actually representing rapidly evolving orthologs or undetected paralogs. Here, we describe Leapfrog, a simple automated BLAST pipeline that leverages increased taxon sampling to overcome long evolutionary distances and identify putative hidden orthologs in large transcriptomic databases by transitive homology. As a case study, we used 35 transcriptomes of 29 flatworm lineages to recover 3,427 putative hidden orthologs, some of them not identified by OrthoFinder and HaMStR, two common orthogroup inference algorithms. Unexpectedly, we do not observe a correlation between the number of putative hidden orthologs in a lineage and its 'average' evolutionary rate. Hidden orthologs do not show unusual sequence composition biases that might account for systematic errors in sequence similarity searches. Instead, gene duplication with divergence of one paralog and weak positive selection appear to underlie hidden orthology in Platyhelminthes. By using Leapfrog, we identify key centrosome-related genes and homeodomain classes previously reported as absent in free-living flatworms, e.g. planarians. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that hidden orthologs comprise a significant proportion of the gene repertoire in flatworms, qualifying the impact of gene losses and gains in gene complement evolution.

1 aMartin-Duran, Jose, M1 aRyan, Joseph, F1 aVellutini, Bruno1 aPang, Kevin1 aHejnol, Andreas uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/174003333nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190260002900259300001200288490000700300520274800307100001803055700001703073700001603090856005703106 1995 eng d a1365-242700aThe reaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and the significance of this for their coexistence in British lakes0 areaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and t bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a21–280 v343 a1. Three species of leeches, Erpobdella octoculata, Glossiphonia complanata and Helobdella stagnalis, and four species of triclads, Polycelis nigra, P. tennis, Dugesia polychroa and Dendrocoelum lacteum, commonly coexist on stony shores in productive British lakes. All species are food limited and there is much overlap in their diet. For both leech and triclad communities, coexistence of species is through the occurrence of food refuges. Leeches are more successful than triclads at capturing live prey, whereas both groups feed on damaged prey, comprising incapacitated, live or dead animals that are leaking body fluids. If triclads are better than leeches at exploiting damaged prey, this could be a mechanism for their coexistence.2. Laboratory experiments investigated the comparative speeds at which leeches and triclads responded to crushed prey. Young and adult predators were offered a crushed specimen of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, the snail Lymnaea peregra, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus or the chironomid Chironomus sp., and their reaction times recorded. These four prey groups constitute the main diet of the predators in the field. Only D. polychroa and D. lacteum showed a significantly different reaction time between young and adults to crushed prey, and the reason for this is unclear. All predators, except H. stagnalis and D. polychroa, showed a difference in reaction time to the four types of prey, presumably a consequence of differences in both the ‘quality’ and ‘concentration’ of the different prey fluids, and there were some differences between predators in their speed of reaction to the same prey type. The following sequence, from fastest to slowest, in general reaction time to prey was obtained: E. octoculata, D. polychroa, P. tenuis, D. lacteum, P. nigra, H. stagnalis and G. complanata.3. The location of the damaged food by the predators can be explained partly in terms of their foraging behaviour, with E. octoculata, D, polychroa and P. tenuis exhibiting a more seek-out strategy than other species which have a more sit-and-wait behaviour, and partly on the level of sophistication of their chemosensory system used to detect leaked prey fluids. This system is highly developed in triclad species but poorly developed in leeches.4. In a second type of experiment in which prey, L. peregra, A. aquaticus or Chironomus sp., were offered at different time intervals after crushing to H, stagnalis and P. tenuis, few predators fed on food crushed for 24 h or longer, although a few leeches fed on Chironomus crushed for up to 72 h.5. It is concluded that coexistence of leech and triclad species on stony shores in lakes is assisted by partitioning of food on a damaged or live basis.1 aSEABY, R.M.H.1 aMARTIN, A.J.1 aYOUNG, J.O. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x02142nas a2200205 4500008004100000020002300041245007500064210006900139260004000208300001600248490000700264520149300271100001901764700001801783700002401801700001901825700001501844700002001859856005701879 2016 eng d a0305-10481362-496200aPlanMine – a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversity0 aPlanMine a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversi bOxford University Pressc2016/01/04 aD764 - D7730 v443 a

Planarian flatworms are in the midst of a renaissance as a model system for regeneration and stem cells. Besides two well-studied model species, hundreds of species exist worldwide that present a fascinating diversity of regenerative abilities, tissue turnover rates, reproductive strategies and other life history traits. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) aims to accomplish two primary missions: First, to provide an easily accessible platform for sharing, comparing and value-added mining of planarian sequence data. Second, to catalyze the comparative analysis of the phenotypic diversity amongst planarian species. Currently, PlanMine houses transcriptomes independently assembled by our lab and community contributors. Detailed assembly/annotation statistics, a custom-developed BLAST viewer and easy export options enable comparisons at the contig and assembly level. Consistent annotation of all transcriptomes by an automated pipeline, the integration of published gene expression information and inter-relational query tools provide opportunities for mining planarian gene sequences and functions. For inter-species comparisons, we include transcriptomes of, so far, six planarian species, along with images, expert-curated information on their biology and pre-calculated cross-species sequence homologies. PlanMine is based on the popular InterMine system in order to make the rich biology of planarians accessible to the general life sciences research community.

1 aBrandl, Holger1 aMoon, HongKee1 aVila-Farré, Miquel1 aLiu, Shang-Yun1 aHenry, Ian1 aRink, Jochen, C uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702831/00427nas a2200109 4500008004100000245008900041210006900130300001200199490000600211100003200217856006800249 1850 eng d00aA brief account of the fresh water species of Planariae inhabiting the United States0 abrief account of the fresh water species of Planariae inhabiting a264-2650 v31 aGirard, Charles, Frédéric uhttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35741#page/272/mode/1up00303nas a2200109 4500008004100000245003100041210003100072300001000103490000700113100002100120856005200141 1958 eng d00aPlanarians of the Caucasus0 aPlanarians of the Caucasus a39-890 v621 aPorfirjeva, N.A. uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/142300447nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131490000700200100002300207700001800230700002500248856005200273 1965 eng d00aThe effect of temperature on the life-cycle of four species of lake-dwelling triclads0 aeffect of temperature on the lifecycle of four species of lakedw0 v341 aReynoldson, T., B.1 aYoung, J., O.1 aTaylor, Margaret, C. uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/141200350nas a2200085 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131100001600200856004800216 1974 eng d00aIndex to the genera and species of the freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of the world0 aIndex to the genera and species of the freshwater triclads Turbe1 aKenk, Roman uhttps://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/533200376nas a2200085 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125100001600194856008000210 1978 eng d00aThe planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida, Paludicola) of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia0 aplanarians Turbellaria Tricladida Paludicola of Lake Ohrid in Ma1 aKenk, Roman uhttp://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0280.pdf00596nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012600041210006900167260001200236300000900248490000900257100002400266700001800290700001700308700003000325700001900355856005200374 2011 eng d00aFreshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology0 aFreshwater planarians Platyhelminthes Tricladida from the Iberia c02/2011 a1-380 v27791 aVila-Farré, Miquel1 aSluys, Ronald1 aAlmagro, Ío1 aHandberg-Thorsager, Mette1 aRomero, Rafael uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/121800579nas a2200133 4500008004100000245019200041210006900233300001200302490000900314100003200323700001800355700002000373856005200393 2012 eng d00aA new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Afromontane forest in South Africa, with an overview of freshwater planarians from the African continent0 anew species of iDugesiai Platyhelminthes Tricladida Dugesiidae f a43–580 v35511 aStocchino, Giacinta, Angela1 aSluys, Ronald1 aManconi, Renata uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/120700677nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245020100055210006900256260001200325300001100337490000700348100003200355700001800387700001900405700002000424856006300444 2013 eng d a1090-692400aSubterranean Aquatic Planarians of Sardinia, with a Discussion on the Penial Flagellum and the Bursal Canal Sphincter in the Genus Dendrocoelum (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae)0 aSubterranean Aquatic Planarians of Sardinia with a Discussion on c08/2013 a93-1120 v751 aStocchino, Giacinta, Angela1 aSluys, Ronald1 aMarcia, Palolo1 aManconi, Renata uhttp://www.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v75/cave-75-02-93.pdf