02334nas a2200205 4500008004100000245017300041210006900214300001200283490000700295520162800302653001701930653002401947653001401971653001501985653001302000100001602013700001802029700001902047856006202066 2018 eng d00aDiversification and biogeographic history of the Western Palearctic freshwater flatworm genus Schmidtea (Tricladida: Dugesiidae), with a redescription of Schmidtea nova0 aDiversification and biogeographic history of the Western Palearc a335-3510 v563 aAbstract The freshwater flatworm genus Schmidtea is endemic in the Western Palearctic region, where it is represented by only four species, thus contrasting with the high species diversity of the closely related genus Dugesia within Europe. Although containing an important model species in developmental and regeneration research, viz. Schmidtea mediterranea, no evolutionary studies on the genus Schmidtea have been undertaken. For the first time, we present a well-resolved molecular phylogenetic tree of the four species of the genus, inferred on the basis of two molecular markers, and provide also the first detailed morphological account of Schmidtea nova. The phylogenetic tree generated corroborates an earlier speciation hypothesis based on karyological data and points to chromosomal rearrangements as the main drivers of speciation in this genus. The high genetic divergence between the four species, in combination with previous dating studies and their current geographic distribution, suggests that Schmidtea could have originated in Laurasia but lost most of its diversity during the Oligocene. Thus, its present distribution pattern may be the result of the expansion of three of its four relictual species over Europe, probably after the Pleistocene glaciations. Our detailed morphological study of S. nova revealed that it shows a number of remarkable features: interconnected testis follicles, parovaria, an ejaculatory duct exiting into the primary as well as the secondary seminal vesicle by means of a nipple, and the wall of the distal section of the ejaculatory duct being sclerotic or chitinized.10aBiogeography10amolecular phylogeny10aSchmidtea10aspeciation10ataxonomy1 aLeria, Laia1 aSluys, Ronald1 aRiutort, Marta uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzs.1221402143nas a2200109 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129260001600198520174500214100002201959856005201981 2017 eng d00aSulphated glycosaminoglycans support an assortment of planarian rhabdite structures0 aSulphated glycosaminoglycans support an assortment of planarian  c2017 Mar 163 a

Planaria are soft-bodied, bilateral flatworms of the phylum Playhelminthes. They are covered in cilia and use ciliary-gliding to traverse the substratum while hunting. Their body surface is covered in a layer of viscous slime primarily derived from specialised secretory granules known as rhabdites. The slime must somehow stay associated with the surface of the animal in aqueous environments whilst also lubricating the interface of the animal and the surfaces over which the animal moves. The slime prevents damage to the animal's soft body and also contributes to adhesion to the substratum. In order to gain insight into how it might achieve these diverse functions, we performed electron microscopic examination of the slime's structure. Analysis of two freshwater flatworms from the UK Schmidtea polychroa (Schmidt, 1861) and Polycelis tenuis (Ijima, 1884) revealed a high level of organisation of the slime layer and a variety of ejected slime structures. We show that these structures are rich in sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). Most of these (269 of 285 examined) appear to be topologically-closed spheroids that we name ball-GAGs Another class appears to burst to release flower- and star-like clusters which adhere to motile cilia. We also observe fibrous nets that are associated with entrapped bacteria. Examination of the structure of rhabdites ejected onto a porous surface suggests a mechanism by which their structure allows them to both bind to the porous surface and provide a smooth layer over which the animal could glide. Such sGAG-based structures might provide models for the design of artificial biomimetic replacements for tears, saliva, bio-compatible lubricants or drug-delivery vehicles.

1 aHayes, Matthew, J uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/173003333nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190260002900259300001200288490000700300520274800307100001803055700001703073700001603090856005703106 1995 eng d a1365-242700aThe reaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and the significance of this for their coexistence in British lakes0 areaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and t bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a21–280 v343 a1. Three species of leeches, Erpobdella octoculata, Glossiphonia complanata and Helobdella stagnalis, and four species of triclads, Polycelis nigra, P. tennis, Dugesia polychroa and Dendrocoelum lacteum, commonly coexist on stony shores in productive British lakes. All species are food limited and there is much overlap in their diet. For both leech and triclad communities, coexistence of species is through the occurrence of food refuges. Leeches are more successful than triclads at capturing live prey, whereas both groups feed on damaged prey, comprising incapacitated, live or dead animals that are leaking body fluids. If triclads are better than leeches at exploiting damaged prey, this could be a mechanism for their coexistence.2. Laboratory experiments investigated the comparative speeds at which leeches and triclads responded to crushed prey. Young and adult predators were offered a crushed specimen of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, the snail Lymnaea peregra, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus or the chironomid Chironomus sp., and their reaction times recorded. These four prey groups constitute the main diet of the predators in the field. Only D. polychroa and D. lacteum showed a significantly different reaction time between young and adults to crushed prey, and the reason for this is unclear. All predators, except H. stagnalis and D. polychroa, showed a difference in reaction time to the four types of prey, presumably a consequence of differences in both the ‘quality’ and ‘concentration’ of the different prey fluids, and there were some differences between predators in their speed of reaction to the same prey type. The following sequence, from fastest to slowest, in general reaction time to prey was obtained: E. octoculata, D. polychroa, P. tenuis, D. lacteum, P. nigra, H. stagnalis and G. complanata.3. The location of the damaged food by the predators can be explained partly in terms of their foraging behaviour, with E. octoculata, D, polychroa and P. tenuis exhibiting a more seek-out strategy than other species which have a more sit-and-wait behaviour, and partly on the level of sophistication of their chemosensory system used to detect leaked prey fluids. This system is highly developed in triclad species but poorly developed in leeches.4. In a second type of experiment in which prey, L. peregra, A. aquaticus or Chironomus sp., were offered at different time intervals after crushing to H, stagnalis and P. tenuis, few predators fed on food crushed for 24 h or longer, although a few leeches fed on Chironomus crushed for up to 72 h.5. It is concluded that coexistence of leech and triclad species on stony shores in lakes is assisted by partitioning of food on a damaged or live basis.1 aSEABY, R.M.H.1 aMARTIN, A.J.1 aYOUNG, J.O. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x02832nas a2200157 4500008004100000020002300041245017300064210006900237260004600306300001400352490000700366520222000373100002302593700002102616856003702637 1974 eng d a00218790, 1365265600aThe Distribution, Abundance, Feeding Habits, and Population Biology of the Immigrant Triclad Dugesia polychroa (Platyhelminthes: turbellaria) in Toronto Harbour, Canada0 aDistribution Abundance Feeding Habits and Population Biology of  b[Wiley, British Ecological Society]c1974 a - 6996810 v433 a(1) The feeding habits, distribution, abundance and population biology of the immigrant triclad Dugesia polychroa have been studied over a period of 20 months. (2) Using serological techniques, it was found that the food sources of D. polychroa were the tubificid oligochaetes (84.4%) the gastropods (12.0%) and the isopods and amphipods (3.6%). (3) The distribution of D. polychroa in Toronto Harbour was limited, not by food but by gross pollution, to the highly enriched areas around the islands of the harbour complex. (4) The abundance of D. polychroa was estimated at 2220/m2. (5) The weight and length D. polychroa followed a typical allometric growth curve. (6) The triclad population exhibited a yearly maximum and minimum size. The maxima, in August, were characterized by a maximum mean individual length, maximum biomass percentage and a maximum proportion of adults. This was followed by a rapid decline to minima which were characterized by a minimum mean length, and biomass percentage. The minima were followed by a period of growth that was initially slow, halted over the winter period and then became very rapid from spring through to the maxima. The length of the breeding period was 10 weeks. (7) In Toronto D. Polychroa exhibited different feeding habits, related to both the differing relative abundance of the food source and different inter-specific competitors, from those of D. polychroa in Britain. (8) The population abundance was consistent with the levels of food sources, which were considerably higher than those found in Britain. (9) The fecundity estimates and the characteristic maxima and minima of the Toronto population were similar to those exhibited by D. polychroa in Britain, but differed in the rate of growth and reproduction, the rate of decline from the maxima to the minima of size, the length of the breeding period and the maximum, but not the total, observed young. The magnitude of these differences, which were in the order of X2.5-3, showed a relationship to temperature. (10) The population biology of D. polychroa in the two differing environments was remarkably similar although temperature-dependent, thus supporting the concept of self-regulatory dynamics.1 aBoddington, M., J.1 aMettrick, D., F. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/353102142nas a2200205 4500008004100000020002300041245007500064210006900139260004000208300001600248490000700264520149300271100001901764700001801783700002401801700001901825700001501844700002001859856005701879 2016 eng d a0305-10481362-496200aPlanMine – a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversity0 aPlanMine a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversi bOxford University Pressc2016/01/04 aD764 - D7730 v443 a

Planarian flatworms are in the midst of a renaissance as a model system for regeneration and stem cells. Besides two well-studied model species, hundreds of species exist worldwide that present a fascinating diversity of regenerative abilities, tissue turnover rates, reproductive strategies and other life history traits. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) aims to accomplish two primary missions: First, to provide an easily accessible platform for sharing, comparing and value-added mining of planarian sequence data. Second, to catalyze the comparative analysis of the phenotypic diversity amongst planarian species. Currently, PlanMine houses transcriptomes independently assembled by our lab and community contributors. Detailed assembly/annotation statistics, a custom-developed BLAST viewer and easy export options enable comparisons at the contig and assembly level. Consistent annotation of all transcriptomes by an automated pipeline, the integration of published gene expression information and inter-relational query tools provide opportunities for mining planarian gene sequences and functions. For inter-species comparisons, we include transcriptomes of, so far, six planarian species, along with images, expert-curated information on their biology and pre-calculated cross-species sequence homologies. PlanMine is based on the popular InterMine system in order to make the rich biology of planarians accessible to the general life sciences research community.

1 aBrandl, Holger1 aMoon, HongKee1 aVila-Farré, Miquel1 aLiu, Shang-Yun1 aHenry, Ian1 aRink, Jochen, C uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702831/00401nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001200202490000700214100001800221856005200239 1979 eng d00aThe karyotypes of two Dugesia species from Corfu, Greece (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria)0 akaryotypes of two Dugesia species from Corfu Greece Platyhelmint a187-1900 v481 aBall, Ian, R. uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/136002075nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245013000055210006900185260001200254300001200266490000800278520146500286100002001751700003001771700002001801700002001821856005201841 2011 eng d a1863-913500aPlanarian (Dugesia polychroa) predation on freshwater gastropod eggs depends on prey species, clutch morphology, and egg size0 aPlanarian Dugesia polychroa predation on freshwater gastropod eg c03/2011 a325-3390 v1783 a

Though triclad planarias could limit littoral snail recruitment by preying on eggs with their muscular ventral pharynx, planarian predation on eggs has never been quantified. Intact egg clutches encompassing eight snail species x three developmental stages were offered to Dugesia (= Schmidtea) polychroa (Paludicola: Dugesiidae) individuals (body length = 6-12 mm) in one-on-one, no-choice 24-h feeding trials to gain a first insight on snail egg palatability to dugesiid planarias. Predatory losses were quantified as differences in planaria-present trials vs. parallel planaria-absent controls. D. polychroa predation on snail eggs was generally low. Eggs in monolayered, flat clutches of bithyniids (Bithynia leachii) and planorbids (Planorbis planorbis, Helisoma trivolvis, and Planorbarius corneus) were more susceptible to planarian predation than multilayered eggs in sausage-shaped clutches of physids (Physa acuta) and lymnaeids (Lymnaea stagnalis, Radix auricularia, and Stagnicola fuscus). Planarian predation also was higher on smaller eggs, and was not related to planarian body size. Vulnerability was also markedly species-specific, with appreciable losses recorded only for pre-hatching eggs of P. planorbis and, to a lesser extent, H. trivolvis. The results suggest that, with the possible exception for the soft-clutch, small eggs of P. planorbis, predation by D. polychroa on eggs does not impact gastropod recruitment appreciably.

1 aLombardo, Paola1 aMiccoli, Francesco, Paolo1 aGiustini, Marco1 aCicolani, Bruno uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/121700596nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012600041210006900167260001200236300000900248490000900257100002400266700001800290700001700308700003000325700001900355856005200374 2011 eng d00aFreshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology0 aFreshwater planarians Platyhelminthes Tricladida from the Iberia c02/2011 a1-380 v27791 aVila-Farré, Miquel1 aSluys, Ronald1 aAlmagro, Ío1 aHandberg-Thorsager, Mette1 aRomero, Rafael uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/121800627nas a2200169 4500008004100000245016100041210006900202300000900271490000900280100002000289700001800309700001600327700002400343700001900367700001900386856005200405 2012 eng d00aFreshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Palearctic section of the African continent: new records, with the description of a new species0 aFreshwater planarians Platyhelminthes Tricladida from the Palear a1-150 v31821 aHarrath, A., H.1 aSluys, Ronald1 aMerzoug, D.1 aYacoubi-Khebiza, M.1 aAlwasel, Saleh1 aRiutort, Marta uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/120600579nas a2200133 4500008004100000245019200041210006900233300001200302490000900314100003200323700001800355700002000373856005200393 2012 eng d00aA new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Afromontane forest in South Africa, with an overview of freshwater planarians from the African continent0 anew species of iDugesiai Platyhelminthes Tricladida Dugesiidae f a43–580 v35511 aStocchino, Giacinta, Angela1 aSluys, Ronald1 aManconi, Renata uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/1207