02545nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245013900055210006900194260001300263300001100276490000700287520173200294653001202026653001202038653002102050653001602071653001902087653001502106653001502121653001902136653003102155100001902186700002202205856005202227 2015 eng d a1432-070300aAmmonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures0 aAmmonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian iPolycelis felinai  c2015 May a689-950 v683 a

Aquatic animals can be exposed to fluctuating concentrations of toxicants. In fact, for some toxicants (i.e., pesticides, ammonia), discontinuous exposure is more environmentally relevant than constant exposure. Responses of aquatic animals to each type of exposure may be different. However, despite the high ecological relevance of behaviour, there is still scarce information on the effects of discontinuous exposure on behaviour. Our study focused on the assessment of unionized ammonia toxicity on the behaviour of a freshwater planarian under continuous exposure (3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery) versus discontinuous exposure (3 pulses of 1 day with 6 days of recovery between pulses = total 3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery). Behaviour was assessed as locomotion activity. Bioassays with continuous and discontinuous exposure were performed with one control and five unionized ammonia concentrations (0.14-0.35 mg N-NH3/L). Unionized ammonia in continuous exposure caused less impact on behaviour than equivalent concentrations provided in a discontinuous exposure. By contrast, continuous exposures caused more impact on survival. The discontinuous exposure may allow detoxification during recovery periods, thus increasing the probability of survival in the next pulse. Under continuous exposure, the mortality threshold could be exceeded, and animals could die in greater proportion during exposure as well as the recovery period. We conclude that behavioural activity was a sensitive endpoint to assess the contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposure and that the response of planarians to discontinuous exposure is different to its response to continuous exposure.

10aAmmonia10aAnimals10aBiological Assay10aFresh Water10aLethal Dose 5010aLocomotion10aplanarians10aToxicity Tests10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172401885nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245017300055210006900228260001600297300001000313490000900323520117000332653001201502653001101514653002001525653000901545653001501554100002201569700002401591856005201615 2015 eng d a1175-533400aAnatomical deviation of male organs of land planarians from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with description of two new species of Cratera (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida).0 aAnatomical deviation of male organs of land planarians from Rio  c2015 Mar 11 a27-400 v39313 a

Two new land planarian species, collected in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are described. Their external aspect is similar to that of Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013 and Pseudogeoplana theresopolitana (Schirch, 1929), respectively. The analysis of the internal organs, however, revealed they belong to the genus Cratera. The male copulatory organs of one species is very different from any other geoplaninid, for the penis papilla holds a large, distal cavity receiving the ejaculatory duct and, furthermore, the papilla projects vertically downwards from the roof of the male atrium. Thus we consider it as a new species, Cratera cuarassu sp. nov. The second species differs from its congeners in that the dorsal insertion of the penis papilla is anterior to the ventral one, and in that the female atrium is narrowed in the anterior portion. The species was found in the type locality of Pseudogeoplana theresopolitana (Schirch, 1929) and compares well with it in the external features. However, since its internal organs are unknown and the type material of the species is seemingly lost, we describe it as Cratera anamariae Carbayo, sp. nov.

10aAnimals10aBrazil10aGenitalia, Male10aMale10aplanarians1 aCarbayo, Fernando1 aAlmeida, Ana, Laura uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/1708