02432nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245012900055210006900184260001300253300001100266490000800277520163700285653001201922653001601934653001101950653001501961653000901976653001201985653001501997653001702012653001402029100001902043700001802062700002202080856005202102 2014 eng d a1432-088600aTriploid planarian reproduces truly bisexually with euploid gametes produced through a different meiotic system between sex.0 aTriploid planarian reproduces truly bisexually with euploid game c2014 Jun a265-720 v1233 a

Although polyploids are common among plants and some animals, polyploidization often causes reproductive failure. Triploids, in particular, are characterized by the problems of chromosomal pairing and segregation during meiosis, which may cause aneuploid gametes and results in sterility. Thus, they are generally considered to reproduce only asexually. In the case of the Platyhelminthes Dugesia ryukyuensis, populations with triploid karyotypes are normally found in nature as both fissiparous and oviparous triploids. Fissiparous triploids can also be experimentally sexualized if they are fed sexual planarians, developing both gonads and other reproductive organs. Fully sexualized worms begin reproducing by copulation rather than fission. In this study, we examined the genotypes of the offspring obtained by breeding sexualized triploids and found that the offspring inherited genes from both parents, i.e., they reproduced truly bisexually. Furthermore, meiotic chromosome behavior in triploid sexualized planarians differed significantly between male and female germ lines, in that female germ line cells remained triploid until prophase I, whereas male germ line cells appeared to become diploid before entry into meiosis. Oocytes at the late diplotene stage contained not only paired bivalents but also unpaired univalents that were suggested to produce diploid eggs if they remained in subsequent processes. Triploid planarians may therefore form euploid gametes by different meiotic systems in female and male germ lines and thus are be able to reproduce sexually in contrast to many other triploid organisms.

10aAnimals10aChromosomes10aFemale10aGerm Cells10aMale10aMeiosis10aplanarians10areproduction10aTriploidy1 aChinone, Ayako1 aNodono, Hanae1 aMatsumoto, Midori uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/176603238nas a2200385 4500008004100000022001400041245012300055210006900178260001600247300001000263490000800273520205700281653002402338653001202362653001802374653002302392653002002415653002202435653001202457653002802469653001902497653001902516653002202535653001502557653005202572653002702624653003402651100002102685700002002706700002102726700001702747700001602764700002002780856005202800 2002 eng d a0021-996700aGene organization and expression of a neuropeptide Y homolog from the land planarian Arthurdendyus triangulatus0 aGene organization and expression of a neuropeptide Y homolog fro c2002 Dec 02 a58-640 v4543 a

Neuropeptide Y is one of the most widespread regulatory peptides within the vertebrate nervous system and shares the C-terminal motif [FY]-x(3)-[LIVM]-x(2)-Y-x(3)-[LIVMFY]-x-R-x-R-[YF] with pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, and fish pancreatic peptide Y. All four peptides are believed to have arisen from a single ancestral gene through successive gene duplication events in vertebrates. The origin of this peptide family may date back further still; similarly sized peptide transmitters with an identical C-terminal motif have been identified in molluscs and flatworms and designated neuropeptide F (NPF). Cloning of the npf gene from the parasitic flatworm Moniezia expansa identified some unusual features within the peptide precursor organization but, at the same time, provided support for an evolutionary relationship of npf and npy genes through the presence of a single intron at a conserved position. To extend the analysis of the evolutionary relationships between invertebrate NPF and vertebrate NPY family peptides, the NPF precursor from the turbellarian Arthurdendyus triangulatus was characterized. Sequence analysis revealed the npf transcript to be 362 base pairs in length encoding a single open reading frame of 81 amino acids. The precursor comprises a signal peptide followed by the mature peptide of 36 amino acids in length, terminating in the typical invertebrate GRPRF motif, followed by a carboxyterminal glycyl extension. The NPF precursor of A. triangulatus shows significant similarities to the vertebrate NPY peptides. Indeed, the N-terminus of A. triangulatus prepro-NPF corresponds more closely to that of the vertebrate peptide homologs than to that of other invertebrate NPFs isolated to date. Immunocytochemical localization studies have demonstrated NPF immunoreactivity throughout the nervous system of A. triangulatus, particularly in association with muscular structures. The data support an early evolutionary origin for this peptide transmitter family within the nervous system of basal bilaterians.

10aAmino Acid Sequence10aAnimals10aBase Sequence10aDNA, Complementary10aGenomic Library10aHelminth Proteins10aIntrons10aMolecular Sequence Data10aNervous system10aNeuropeptide Y10aOrgan Specificity10aplanarians10aReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction10aSequence Analysis, DNA10aSequence Homology, Amino Acid1 aDougan, Paula, M1 aMair, Gunnar, R1 aHalton, David, W1 aCurry, James1 aDay, Tim, A1 aMaule, Aaron, G uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/173801620nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260001300200300001100213490000700224520080900231653001201040653002201052653002901074653002501103653002101128653001901149653001701168653001501185100001701200700002101217700001301238700001201251700001501263856005201278 1995 eng d a0272-434000aParvalbumin-immunoreactive proteins in the nervous system of planarians0 aParvalbuminimmunoreactive proteins in the nervous system of plan c1995 Aug a401-100 v153 a

1. Using immunological methods, we have identified parvalbumin-like material in the triclade flatworms, Polycelis nigra, Polycelis auriculata, Crenobia alpina, Dugesia tahitiensis, and Dugesia polychroa. 2. Western immunoblot analysis of these five species revealed heat stable parvalbumin-immunoreactive proteins between 32 kD and 44 kD. 3. Proteins at 19 and 32 kD revealed intense labeling with 45Ca2+. 4. Double immunodiffusion of planarian supernatants showed complete fusion of precipitates, indicating immunological relatedness of the parvalbumin-like material among the species investigated. 5. Immunocytochemical studies exhibit parvalbumin-immunoreactive material exclusively in neurons supporting the notion of an early evolutionary appearance of these proteins in the nervous system.

10aAnimals10aBlotting, Western10aCalcium-Binding Proteins10aImmunohistochemistry10aMolecular Weight10aNervous system10aParvalbumins10aplanarians1 aHutticher, A1 aKerschbaum, H, H1 aKainz, V1 aBito, M1 aHermann, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172802545nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245013900055210006900194260001300263300001100276490000700287520173200294653001202026653001202038653002102050653001602071653001902087653001502106653001502121653001902136653003102155100001902186700002202205856005202227 2015 eng d a1432-070300aAmmonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures0 aAmmonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian iPolycelis felinai  c2015 May a689-950 v683 a

Aquatic animals can be exposed to fluctuating concentrations of toxicants. In fact, for some toxicants (i.e., pesticides, ammonia), discontinuous exposure is more environmentally relevant than constant exposure. Responses of aquatic animals to each type of exposure may be different. However, despite the high ecological relevance of behaviour, there is still scarce information on the effects of discontinuous exposure on behaviour. Our study focused on the assessment of unionized ammonia toxicity on the behaviour of a freshwater planarian under continuous exposure (3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery) versus discontinuous exposure (3 pulses of 1 day with 6 days of recovery between pulses = total 3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery). Behaviour was assessed as locomotion activity. Bioassays with continuous and discontinuous exposure were performed with one control and five unionized ammonia concentrations (0.14-0.35 mg N-NH3/L). Unionized ammonia in continuous exposure caused less impact on behaviour than equivalent concentrations provided in a discontinuous exposure. By contrast, continuous exposures caused more impact on survival. The discontinuous exposure may allow detoxification during recovery periods, thus increasing the probability of survival in the next pulse. Under continuous exposure, the mortality threshold could be exceeded, and animals could die in greater proportion during exposure as well as the recovery period. We conclude that behavioural activity was a sensitive endpoint to assess the contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposure and that the response of planarians to discontinuous exposure is different to its response to continuous exposure.

10aAmmonia10aAnimals10aBiological Assay10aFresh Water10aLethal Dose 5010aLocomotion10aplanarians10aToxicity Tests10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172403050nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001300225300001100238490000700249520216500256653001202421653001202433653001702445653001502462653002302477653002302500653001502523653001702538653002302555653001202578653001102590100001702601700002102618700002502639700002002664856005202684 2014 eng d a1365-265600aPredator effects on a detritus-based food web are primarily mediated by non-trophic interactions0 aPredator effects on a detritusbased food web are primarily media c2014 Jul a953-620 v833 a

Predator effects on ecosystems can extend far beyond their prey and are often not solely lethally transmitted. Change in prey traits in response to predation risk can have important repercussions on community assembly and key ecosystem processes (i.e. trait-mediated indirect effects). In addition, some predators themselves alter habitat structure or nutrient cycling through ecological engineering effects. Tracking these non-trophic pathways is thus an important, yet challenging task to gain a better grasp of the functional role of predators. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that, in detritus-based food webs, non-trophic interactions may prevail over purely trophic interactions in determining predator effects on plant litter decomposition. This hypothesis was tested in a headwater stream by modulating the density of a flatworm predator (Polycelis felina) in enclosures containing oak (Quercus robur) leaf litter exposed to natural colonization by small invertebrates and microbial decomposers. Causal path modelling was used to infer how predator effects propagated through the food web. Flatworms accelerated litter decomposition through positive effects on microbial decomposers. The biomass of prey and non-prey invertebrates was not negatively affected by flatworms, suggesting that net predator effect on litter decomposition was primarily determined by non-trophic interactions. Flatworms enhanced the deposition and retention of fine sediments on leaf surface, thereby improving leaf colonization by invertebrates - most of which having strong affinities with interstitial habitats. This predator-induced improvement of habitat availability was attributed to the sticky nature of the mucus that flatworms secrete in copious amount while foraging. Results of path analyses further indicated that this bottom-up ecological engineering effect was as powerful as the top-down effect on invertebrate prey. Our findings suggest that predators have the potential to affect substantially carbon flow and nutrient cycling in detritus-based ecosystems and that this impact cannot be fully appreciated without considering non-trophic effects.

10aAnimals10aBiomass10aCarbon Cycle10aFood Chain10aGeologic Sediments10aModels, Biological10aplanarians10aPlant Leaves10aPredatory Behavior10aQuercus10aRivers1 aMajdi, Nabil1 aBoiché, Anatole1 aTraunspurger, Walter1 aLecerf, Antoine uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172302446nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001300244300001000257490000700267520173400274653001202008653001202020653002902032653001602061653001502077653003102092100001902123700002202142856005202164 2011 eng d a1879-129800aThe freshwater planarian Polycelis felina as a sensitive species to assess the long-term toxicity of ammonia0 afreshwater planarian iPolycelis felinai as a sensitive species t c2011 Jul a533-70 v843 a

Behavioural endpoints are a good link between physiological and ecological effects. However long-term behavioural endpoints are not uniformly studied over all different organism groups. For example behaviour has been scarcely studied in planarians. Unionized ammonia (NH(3)) is one of the most widespread pollutants in developed countries, and is known to alter animal behaviour. In this study a long-term (30 d) bioassay was conducted to assess the effect of this pollutant on survival and behavioural activity (e.g. locomotion activity) of the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina. One control and three environmentally-realistic concentrations of unionized ammonia (treatments of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.09 mg N-NH(3) L(-1)) were used in quintuplicate. The behaviour of planarians was measured after 0, 10, 20 and 30 d of ammonia exposure. Mortality was recorded every 2 d. Unionized ammonia increased mortality in the two highest NH(3) concentrations and the locomotory activity was depressed in all treatments after 20 d of exposure. Behavioural effect was observed at concentrations 20 times lower than the short-term LC50 for this species. Previous studies proposed safe concentrations of unionized ammonia of 0.01-0.10 mg N-NH(3) L(-1) to aquatic ecosystems, but our study has shown that these concentrations will affect planarians. Because planarians play a key role in streams (as predator/scavenger), safe concentrations should be below 0.02 mg N-NH(3) L(-1) to protect this species in the freshwater community. Our results can contribute to improve the knowledge about ammonia toxicity to freshwater ecosystems, we recommend that safe concentrations of unionized ammonia should be based on very sensitive species.

10aAmmonia10aAnimals10aEnvironmental Monitoring10aFresh Water10aplanarians10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172102832nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245016400055210006900219260001300288300001100301490000700312520206900319653001402388653001202402653001402414653001902428653001302447653001502460653003102475100001402506700001802520856005202538 2008 eng d a0090-434100aAmeliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to freshwater invertebrates with different physiology: a comparative study between amphipods and planarians0 aAmeliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to freshwate c2008 Feb a259-650 v543 a

High nitrite concentrations in freshwater ecosystems may cause toxicity to aquatic animals. These living organisms can take nitrite up from water through their chloride cells, subsequently suffering oxidation of their respiratory pigments (hemoglobin, hemocyanin). Because NO(2)(-) and Cl(-) ions compete for the same active transport site, elevated chloride concentrations in the aquatic environment have the potential of reducing nitrite toxicity. Although this ameliorating effect is well documented in fish, it has been largely ignored in wild freshwater invertebrates. The aim of this study was to compare the ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to two species of freshwater invertebrates differing in physiology: Eulimnogammarus toletanus (amphipods) and Polycelis felina (planarians). The former species presents gills (with chloride cells) and respiratory pigments, whereas in the latter species these are absent. Test animals were exposed in triplicate for 168 h to a single nitrite concentration (5 ppm NO(2)-N for E. toletanus and 100 ppm NO(2)-N for P. felina) at four different environmental chloride concentrations (27.8, 58.3, 85.3, and 108.0 ppm Cl(-)). The number of dead animals and the number of affected individuals (i.e., number of dead plus inactive invertebrates) were monitored every day. LT(50) (lethal time) and ET(50) (effective time) were estimated for each species and each chloride concentration. LT(50) and ET(50) values increased with increases in the environmental chloride concentration, mainly in amphipods. Results clearly show that the ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity was more significant in amphipods than in planarians, likely because of the absence of gills (with chloride cells) and respiratory pigments in P. felina. Additionally, this comparative study indicates that the ecological risk assessment of nitrite in freshwater ecosystems should take into account not only the most sensitive and key species in the communities, but also chloride levels in the aquatic environment.

10aAmphipoda10aAnimals10aChlorides10aLethal Dose 5010aNitrites10aplanarians10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, A1 aCamargo, J, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172002247nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245005800055210005700113260000900170300001000179490000700189520167600196653001201872653001501884653002101899100002401920700002201944700002301966856005201989 2006 eng d a0015-549700aResistance of two planarian species to UV-irradiation0 aResistance of two planarian species to UVirradiation c2006 a103-80 v543 a

The aim of this work was to determine the effects of 20, 25 and 30 minute UV-irradiation periods lambda = 253.5 nm to two planarian species Dugesia tigrina (Gir.) and Polycelis felina (Daly.). In vivo, UV light effects have been reported to affect intracellular receptors and disrupt simple behaviour. The effects of UV-rays on mortality and behavior as well as morphological, cytological and histological changes in the two planarian species were assessed, and the course and the dynamics of regenerative processes were compared between them. Experimental populations of Dugesia tigrina and Polycelis felina species were maintained in laboratory conditions at room temperature. Mortality, behavioral and morphological changes were monitored daily by means of a light stereomicroscope. For cytological and histopathological analysis, planarians were fixed in Bouine fixative on the first, second, third, fifth and seventh day after exposure to UV-irradiation, respectively. They were embedded in paraffin, cut on a microtome, stained with toluidin blue and embedded in Canada-balsam. UV-rays caused mortality, behavioral, morphological, cytological and histological changes in each planarian species. In regeneration of damaged body parts reticular cells and neoblasts played the main role. Neoblasts as totipotent cells extremely increased in number in the area of damaged tissue, immediately after UV-exposure. Dugesia tigrina was more sensitive to UV-rays than Polycelis felina due to possession of less pigmented cells. The course of regeneration in both species was similar. Most individuals of both species regenerated in 5 to 12 days after UV-irradiation.

10aAnimals10aplanarians10aUltraviolet Rays1 aKalafatić, Mirjana1 aKovacević, Goran1 aFranjević, Damjan uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171901830nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006900125260001300194300000900207490000700216520113500223653001401358653001201372653001901384653001301403653001501416653001101431653001001442653003101452100001901483700002201502856005201524 2006 eng d a1520-408100aToxicity of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates.0 aToxicity of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates c2006 Feb a90-40 v213 a

Nitrite is a compound with a high toxicity to aquatic animals. Several anthropogenic pollution sources are increasing the concentrations of this component of the nitrogen cycle. Despite this toxicity, there is little available literature on its effects on freshwater invertebrates. Laboratory bioassays were performed to obtain data on the lethal effects of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates: the planarian Polycelis felina and the amphipods Echinogammarus echinosetosus and Eulimnogammarus toletanus. The LC(50), LC(10), and LC(0.01) values (mg/L NO(2)--N) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were calculated for each species. E. toletanus and E. echinosetosus were the most sensitive species, with 96 h LC(50) values of 2.09 and 2.59 mg/L NO(2)--N, respectively. In contrast, the planarian P. felina showed a higher tolerance to nitrite, with a 96 h LC(50) value of 60.0 mg/L NO(2)--N. The obtained results were compared with the reported nitrite data for other freshwater invertebrates. This study may contribute to a more appropriate assessment of the ecological risk of this compound in freshwater ecosystems.

10aAmphipoda10aAnimals10aLethal Dose 5010aNitrites10aplanarians10aRivers10aSpain10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171803033nas a2200325 4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260001600252300001100268490000700279520209300286653001202379653001602391653001202407653001502419653003702434653001502471653002802486653001502514653001402529653001502543653001602558653001702574100001402591700001802605700001402623700001802637856005202655 2005 eng d a0166-445X00aToxicity testing of herbicide norflurazon on an aquatic bioindicator species--the planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.)0 aToxicity testing of herbicide norflurazon on an aquatic bioindic c2005 Jul 30 a342-520 v733 a

Norflurazon is a bleaching, preemergence herbicide. Due to its mobility and long half-life it presents a potential for groundwater contamination. The aim of our study was to investigate toxic effects of norflurazon on non-targeted aquatic bioindicator organism, the planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.). Animals were exposed to water solutions of norflurazon in concentrations 200, 20, 2 and 0.2 microM. Mortality, locomotive and morphological changes were monitored. Histological changes were studied both on treated and control animals with light microscopy. The primary DNA damage on single planarian cells was studied using the alkaline comet assay. Three comet parameters were studied: tail length, percentage of DNA in comet tail and tail moment. The results showed that norflurazon caused mortality, locomotive, morphological and histological changes in treated animals compared to corresponding controls. The most prominent histological changes were damage of the outer mucous layer, lack of rhabdites, damage to epidermis and extensive damage to parenchyma cells. The results of alkaline comet assay indicated that norflurazon in concentrations of 2 and 0.2 microM induces significant increase of primary DNA damage in planarian cells compared to the corresponding control animals. The mean values of all three measured parameters were significantly elevated on the fourth day of the treatment compared with the first and the seventh day. Based on the results of mortality and locomotive observations, we conclude that the fourth day of the treatment represents a certain threshold within planarian metabolism followed by the beginning of detoxification and recovery. However, histological preparations and comet data statistics show results indicating that high toxicity on the seventh day of the treatment gave the results of decrease of DNA damage due to the tissue/cell damage (apoptosis) and not recovery. The present study showed the ability of norflurazon to induce a wide range of different toxicological responses in freshwater planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.).

10aAnimals10aComet Assay10aCroatia10aDNA Damage10aDose-Response Relationship, Drug10aHerbicides10aHistological Techniques10aLocomotion10aMortality10aplanarians10aPyridazines10aTime Factors1 aHorvat, T1 aKalafatić, M1 aKopjar, N1 aKovacević, G uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171701487nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245011200055210006900167260000900236300001000245490000700255520065000262653001200912653001600924653001200940653001400952653001600966653001500982653002400997100002401021700002001045700001801065700001701083700002201100700002301122856005201145 2004 eng d a0015-549700aKaryological analysis of two allopatric populations of planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) in Croatia0 aKaryological analysis of two allopatric populations of planarian c2004 a131-30 v523 a

The results of preliminary karyological investigations of two geographically distant and morphologically slightly different Polycelis felina (Daly.) populations from central Croatia are reported. The results have shown that individuals of both populations are diploids, with the same chromosome number in their neoblasts (2n=18). Their karyotypes were composed of nine chromosome pairs, three of them are metacentric and the other six are submetacentric. Statistical evaluation of data indicated that both populations of Polycelis felina (Daly.), despite minor differences observed between them, belong to the same karyological biotype.

10aAnimals10aChromosomes10aCroatia10aGeography10aKaryotyping10aplanarians10aSpecies Specificity1 aKalafatić, Mirjana1 aKopjar, Nevenka1 aZrna, Gordana1 aZupan, Irina1 aKovacević, Goran1 aFranjević, Damjan uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171602708nas a2200397 4500008004100000022001400041245014900055210006900204260001300273300001100286490000700297520155200304653001201856653002101868653002201889653001801911653002701929653001201956653003701968653003302005653001102038653001602049653001202065653001802077653001402095653002302109653001502132653001702147653001302164653001302177653001702190100001802207700001402225700001902239856005202258 2004 eng d a0887-233300aThe impairments of neoblast division in regenerating planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) caused by in vitro treatment with cadmium sulfate0 aimpairments of neoblast division in regenerating planarian iPoly c2004 Feb a99-1070 v183 a

The effects of cadmium sulfate on the neoblast mitotic activity in regenerating planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) were investigated. Mitotic abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations were evaluated after 6-h treatment and 24-h recovery period. The blastema were fixed, and examined cytologically through routine lactoorceine squash preparations. Mitotic indices were also determined. Cadmium sulfate induced a dose-dependent decrease in neoblast mitotic activity, accompanied with disturbances in distribution of cells over mitotic phases. Different cytological abnormalities with varying frequency were observed. Marked mitotic depression was concentration-dependent. Toxic effects of cadmium in regenerating planarian were mainly associated with mitotic spindle disturbances. Immediately after treatment mitotic abnormalities were prevalent over chromosomal and C-mitosis was the most prominent one. After 24-h recovery period a prevalence of mitotic over chromosomal aberrations was still present in animals treated with two higher concentrations of cadmium sulfate. However, the proportions of cells with chromosome stickiness in all treated animals were significantly increased compared to their post-treatment values. Observed mitotic impairments could be related to mitotic arrest contributing to retardations and delays, especially in animals treated with the highest concentration tested. The results obtained indicated usefulness of short term invertebrate assays as an alternative to in vitro pre-screening of toxic chemicals.

10aAnimals10aBiological Assay10aCadmium Compounds10aCell Division10aChromosome Aberrations10aCroatia10aDose-Response Relationship, Drug10aDrug Evaluation, Preclinical10aFemale10aForecasting10aMitosis10aMitotic Index10aMortality10aOxygen Consumption10aplanarians10aregeneration10aSulfates10aSurvival10aTime Factors1 aKalafatić, M1 aKopjar, N1 aBesendorfer, V uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171500698nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245012100055210006900176260001600245300001100261490000800272653001200280653001300292653001500305653001500320653001900335653001700354653001600371100001400387700001500401856005200416 1960 eng d a0001-403600aOn the distribution of neoblasts of Dugesia lugubris (Turbellaria, Tricladida) before and during regeneration0 adistribution of neoblasts of iDugesia lugubrisi Turbellaria Tric c1960 Mar 28 a2465-70 v25010aAnimals10aAnnelida10aAsteraceae10aplanarians10aPlatyhelminths10aregeneration10aTurbellaria1 aLENDER, T1 aGABRIEL, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171001885nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245017300055210006900228260001600297300001000313490000900323520117000332653001201502653001101514653002001525653000901545653001501554100002201569700002401591856005201615 2015 eng d a1175-533400aAnatomical deviation of male organs of land planarians from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with description of two new species of Cratera (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida).0 aAnatomical deviation of male organs of land planarians from Rio  c2015 Mar 11 a27-400 v39313 a

Two new land planarian species, collected in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are described. Their external aspect is similar to that of Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013 and Pseudogeoplana theresopolitana (Schirch, 1929), respectively. The analysis of the internal organs, however, revealed they belong to the genus Cratera. The male copulatory organs of one species is very different from any other geoplaninid, for the penis papilla holds a large, distal cavity receiving the ejaculatory duct and, furthermore, the papilla projects vertically downwards from the roof of the male atrium. Thus we consider it as a new species, Cratera cuarassu sp. nov. The second species differs from its congeners in that the dorsal insertion of the penis papilla is anterior to the ventral one, and in that the female atrium is narrowed in the anterior portion. The species was found in the type locality of Pseudogeoplana theresopolitana (Schirch, 1929) and compares well with it in the external features. However, since its internal organs are unknown and the type material of the species is seemingly lost, we describe it as Cratera anamariae Carbayo, sp. nov.

10aAnimals10aBrazil10aGenitalia, Male10aMale10aplanarians1 aCarbayo, Fernando1 aAlmeida, Ana, Laura uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/170800594nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245008600055210006900141260001300210300001000223490000700233653001200240653001700252653000900269653001500278653001600293653001300309100001400322856005200336 1983 eng d a0005-042300aVomiting of land planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) ingested by cats0 aVomiting of land planarians Turbellaria Tricladida Terricola ing c1983 Sep a282-30 v6010aAnimals10aCat Diseases10aCats10aplanarians10aTurbellaria10aVomiting1 aWinsor, L uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/170200632nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011400055210006900169260001300238300001100251490000700262653001200269653002900281653003100310653001500341653001600356100001400372856005200386 1978 eng d a0026-370200aOblique illumination and interference contrast microscopy aids in the taxonomic histology of land planarians.0 aOblique illumination and interference contrast microscopy aids i c1978 Dec a319-210 v3410aAnimals10aMicroscopy, Interference10aMicroscopy, Phase-Contrast10aplanarians10aTurbellaria1 aWinsor, L uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/170101097nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136260001300205300001000218490000700228520038800235653001200623653001700635653000900652653001300661653001300674653002300687653003100710653001500741653002100756100001400777856005200791 1980 eng d a0005-042300aPseudoparasitism of domestic and native animals by geoplanid land planarians0 aPseudoparasitism of domestic and native animals by geoplanid lan c1980 Apr a194-60 v563 a

Three cases of pseudoparasitism of a pullet, Pygmy possum and domestic cat by geoplanid land planarians are reported. Unlike similar reports from Japan and America, there is no implication of gastrointestinal pseudoparasitism in these Australian cases. It is believed that the incidents described arose from accidental attachment of land planarians to the animals concerned.

10aAnimals10aCat Diseases10aCats10aChickens10aOpossums10aParasitic Diseases10aParasitic Diseases, Animal10aplanarians10aPoultry Diseases1 aWinsor, L uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/170008563nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245016000055210006900215260001600284300001100300490000900311520760700320653001207927653002507939653001407964653001107978653001407989653001508003100002008018700002208038700001808060700001808078700001908096700002108115700002208136700002008158700001908178856005208197 2016 eng d a1175-533400aFirst report of the land planarian Diversibipalium multilineatum (Makino & Shirasawa, 1983) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) in Europe.0 aFirst report of the land planarian iDiversibipalium multilineatu c2016 Jan 26 a577-800 v40673 a

Introduction of alien species may significantly affect soil ecosystems, through predation or disruption of components of native ecosystems (Winsor et al. 2004; Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014). Land planarians have been reported as alien species in soils throughout the world and, among those, some species are considered to be successful invaders, e.g. Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963, Arthurdendyus triangulatus (Dendy, 1894), Bipalium adventitium Hyman, 1943, Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 and Dolichoplana striata Moseley, 1877 (Winsor et al. 2004; Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014, 2015). Soil moisture status seems to be an important element for their successful invasion (Fraser & Boag 1998). In Europe at least 18 species of alien land planarians have been recorded since now and some of them are considered as invasive ones, e.g. P. manokwari (cf. Justine et al. 2014). Although the alien land planarian B. kewense has been reported to occur in many greenhouses in Italy (Bello et al. 1995), no data are available on its establishment and/or impact on natural environments. On 28th September 2014, 20 specimens (~1 individual/m2) of the land planarian Diversibipalium multilineatum (Makino & Shirasawa, 1983) (Fig. 1), native to Japan, were collected under pots, branches and plastic materials in a private garden located in the center of Bologna (Emilia Romagna, Central Italy), near the urban park Giardini Margherita (44°29' N, 11°21' E; WGS84). Thirty plant species (both indigenous and alien), mainly cultivated as bonsai (e.g. Lagerstroemia indica L., Juniperus procumbens (Siebold ex Endl.) Miquel), were present in this shady, wet garden (25 m2). Between March 2014 and June 2015, 70 more specimens of D. multilineatum were collected at the same site, mainly at dusk and dawn after rain. Reproduction by fission and regeneration processes were observed in several of those specimens, which were kept for some time in captivity. A specimen of D. multilineatum was also collected in a garden in Léguevin (Haute-Garonne, France), which will be described in a forthcoming paper by Justine et al. (in prep.) (see also Kawakatsu et al. 2014). Specimens without a genital pore were initially ascribed to D. multilineatum on the basis of their external appearance: the dorsal surface was brownish yellow and presented five longitudinal stripes at the head plate and the neck, showing the typical appearance of the species. The middorsal stripe was widened at its anterior end, on the head plate, and at the pharynx level. The ventral pattern of the animals at the pharyngeal region was also characteristic, with the middorsal stripe widened at this level. The Italian Diversibipalium specimens used for the molecular analysis were fixed and preserved in absolute ethanol. Fragments of the mitochondrial gene COI and 28S ribosomal RNA nuclear gene (GenBank Acc. Numbers KU245358 and KU245357, respectively) were obtained using the procedure and COI primers described in Álvarez-Presas et al. (2008) and Solà et al. (2013). The French specimen's COI (Specimen MNHN JL177, GenBank Acc. Number KT922162) was obtained as described in Justine et al. (2015). 28S sequences of 14 Bipaliinae specimens and four Microplana species (outgroup) retrieved from GenBank were included in the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 2). Sequence alignment was obtained by using the online software MAFFT version 7 (Katoh & Standley 2013), while ambiguously aligned positions were removed using the program Gblocks (Talavera & Castresana 2007) with default settings, excepting the minimum number of sequences for a flank position at the minimum value (set at 10) and with half of the allowed gap positions. The final alignment had a length of 1589 bp. We used two phylogenetic inference approaches: maximum likelihood (ML), using the RaxML 8.2.3 software (Stamatakis 2014), and Bayesian inferences (BI), using MrBayes 3.2.4 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The evolutionary model used, GTR+I+G, was estimated to be the best with the software jModeltest 2.1.7 (Darriba et al. 2012; Guindon & Gascuel 2003), using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). MrBayes analyses were performed for 10-milion generation with sampling parameters every 103 and a 25% default burn-in value for the final trees. Convergence of the two runs (average standard deviation of split frequencies << 0.01) and likelihood stationarity were checked. The maximum likelihood analyses were performed under 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. The phylogenetic results show a close and highly supported relationship of the Italian Diversibipalium specimens with those from Japan and South Korea that have been identified as D. multilineatum (Fig. 2). Diversibipalium multilineatum is the sister-group of B. nobile Kawakatsu & Makino, 1982, but with low support. The COI sequences of the French (MNHN JL177) and the Italian Diversibipalium specimens were compared in Geneious v. 8.0.5 (http://www.geneious.com, Kearse et al. 2012) and were found to be identical. These results indicate that the species introduced in both countries is the same, and most probably concerns the species D. multilineatum. The pathways of introduction of D. multilineatum are currently unknown, although a relationship between the horticultural trade and the introduction of alien land planarians is well known (Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014 and references therein). Here we report the first occurrence of individuals of D. multilineatum outside Asia. The GenBank sequence of D. multilineatum from South Korea is not yet supported by a published description of the specimen, while it is debatable whether South Korea should be considered part of the natural range of D. multilineatum, which only seems to include Japan. In the present paper, we consider the South Korean animal to be an introduced specimen. Soil moisture status, temperature, and food availability are considered to be the main factors determining the presence of terrestrial planarians (Boag et al. 1998); the microclimatic conditions of the Italian garden were similar to plant nurseries and greenhouses, while an abundance of food was available, such as isopods [Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833)], oligochaetes [Dendrobaena attemsi (Michaelsen, 1902) and several juveniles of Lumbricus spp.] and gastropods [Cernuella cisalpina (Rossmassler, 1837), Cornu aspersum (O.F. Müller 1774), Deroceras reticulatum (O.F. Müller, 1774), Discus rotundatus (O.F. Müller, 1774), Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758), Milax nigricans (Philippi, 1836), Papillifera papillaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Pomatias elegans (O.F. Müller, 1774)]. Moreover, winter 2014 reached the highest temperatures and rainfall of the last two decades (source: CNR-ISAC, Bologna), thus favouring establishment and spread of D. multilineatum. The potential environmental impacts of some invasive flatworms are well documented (Álvarez-Presas et al. 2014; Justine et al. 2014) and, even if these effects have not yet been assessed for D. multilineatum, the adoption of precautionary measures and of early intervention is here strongly recommended (Genovesi & Shine 2004). Finally, knowledge of the introduction pathway(s), together with the analysis of prey preference and possible impact on the invertebrate fauna, will be essential to halt or at least to limit the spread of this introduced land flatworm.

10aAnimals10aBiological Evolution10aBody Size10aEurope10aphylogeny10aplanarians1 aMazza, Giuseppe1 aMenchetti, Mattia1 aSluys, Ronald1 aSolà, Eduard1 aRiutort, Marta1 aTricarico, Elena1 aJustine, Jean-Lou1 aCavigioli, Luca1 aMori, Emiliano uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/169801817nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157300001100226490000800237520104400245653000801289653001901297653001501316653001301331653000901344653001401353653001501367653001401382653001501396100002201411700002701433700002001460700001901480856004001499 2016 eng d a1096-364200aThe true identity of Obama (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe0 atrue identity of iObamai Platyhelminthes Geoplanidae flatworm sp a5–280 v1773 a

Since 2008 there have been many records in Europe (British Isles, Spain, France, Italy) of a large terrestrial planarian morphologically very similar to the Brazilian species Obama marmorata. Sequences of mitochondrial (Cox1) and nuclear (18S, 28S, ITS-1 and EF) genes from European specimens and some from Brazil indicate that they belong to a species different from that of other specimens also collected in Brazil. Moreover, the phylogenetic results show that they are not sister-species. Histological sections of both Brazilian and European specimens reveal subtle morphological differences between the two species. Obama marmorata is confined to Brazil, and the second, herein described new species, Obama nungara sp. nov., is found in Brazil and Europe. These cryptic species may be syntopic in areas in Brazil. The new species occurs in human-modified environments both in Brazil and in Europe. We also conclude that the specimens from Spain and Argentina identified previously as Obama marmorata belong to the new species.

10aBPP10aContinenticola10aCox I gene10aGeoplana10aGMYC10ahistology10amorphology10aphylogeny10aplanarians1 aCarbayo, Fernando1 aÁlvarez-Presas, Marta1 aJones, Hugh, D.1 aRiutort, Marta uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12358