00542nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245015100055210006900206260001300275300000800288490000700296100001900303700002200322856005200344 2015 eng d a1432-070300aErratum to: Ammonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures0 aErratum to Ammonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian iPolycel c2015 Nov a5960 v691 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172502545nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245013900055210006900194260001300263300001100276490000700287520173200294653001202026653001202038653002102050653001602071653001902087653001502106653001502121653001902136653003102155100001902186700002202205856005202227 2015 eng d a1432-070300aAmmonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures0 aAmmonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian iPolycelis felinai  c2015 May a689-950 v683 a

Aquatic animals can be exposed to fluctuating concentrations of toxicants. In fact, for some toxicants (i.e., pesticides, ammonia), discontinuous exposure is more environmentally relevant than constant exposure. Responses of aquatic animals to each type of exposure may be different. However, despite the high ecological relevance of behaviour, there is still scarce information on the effects of discontinuous exposure on behaviour. Our study focused on the assessment of unionized ammonia toxicity on the behaviour of a freshwater planarian under continuous exposure (3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery) versus discontinuous exposure (3 pulses of 1 day with 6 days of recovery between pulses = total 3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery). Behaviour was assessed as locomotion activity. Bioassays with continuous and discontinuous exposure were performed with one control and five unionized ammonia concentrations (0.14-0.35 mg N-NH3/L). Unionized ammonia in continuous exposure caused less impact on behaviour than equivalent concentrations provided in a discontinuous exposure. By contrast, continuous exposures caused more impact on survival. The discontinuous exposure may allow detoxification during recovery periods, thus increasing the probability of survival in the next pulse. Under continuous exposure, the mortality threshold could be exceeded, and animals could die in greater proportion during exposure as well as the recovery period. We conclude that behavioural activity was a sensitive endpoint to assess the contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposure and that the response of planarians to discontinuous exposure is different to its response to continuous exposure.

10aAmmonia10aAnimals10aBiological Assay10aFresh Water10aLethal Dose 5010aLocomotion10aplanarians10aToxicity Tests10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172402446nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001300244300001000257490000700267520173400274653001202008653001202020653002902032653001602061653001502077653003102092100001902123700002202142856005202164 2011 eng d a1879-129800aThe freshwater planarian Polycelis felina as a sensitive species to assess the long-term toxicity of ammonia0 afreshwater planarian iPolycelis felinai as a sensitive species t c2011 Jul a533-70 v843 a

Behavioural endpoints are a good link between physiological and ecological effects. However long-term behavioural endpoints are not uniformly studied over all different organism groups. For example behaviour has been scarcely studied in planarians. Unionized ammonia (NH(3)) is one of the most widespread pollutants in developed countries, and is known to alter animal behaviour. In this study a long-term (30 d) bioassay was conducted to assess the effect of this pollutant on survival and behavioural activity (e.g. locomotion activity) of the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina. One control and three environmentally-realistic concentrations of unionized ammonia (treatments of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.09 mg N-NH(3) L(-1)) were used in quintuplicate. The behaviour of planarians was measured after 0, 10, 20 and 30 d of ammonia exposure. Mortality was recorded every 2 d. Unionized ammonia increased mortality in the two highest NH(3) concentrations and the locomotory activity was depressed in all treatments after 20 d of exposure. Behavioural effect was observed at concentrations 20 times lower than the short-term LC50 for this species. Previous studies proposed safe concentrations of unionized ammonia of 0.01-0.10 mg N-NH(3) L(-1) to aquatic ecosystems, but our study has shown that these concentrations will affect planarians. Because planarians play a key role in streams (as predator/scavenger), safe concentrations should be below 0.02 mg N-NH(3) L(-1) to protect this species in the freshwater community. Our results can contribute to improve the knowledge about ammonia toxicity to freshwater ecosystems, we recommend that safe concentrations of unionized ammonia should be based on very sensitive species.

10aAmmonia10aAnimals10aEnvironmental Monitoring10aFresh Water10aplanarians10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172101830nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006900125260001300194300000900207490000700216520113500223653001401358653001201372653001901384653001301403653001501416653001101431653001001442653003101452100001901483700002201502856005201524 2006 eng d a1520-408100aToxicity of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates.0 aToxicity of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates c2006 Feb a90-40 v213 a

Nitrite is a compound with a high toxicity to aquatic animals. Several anthropogenic pollution sources are increasing the concentrations of this component of the nitrogen cycle. Despite this toxicity, there is little available literature on its effects on freshwater invertebrates. Laboratory bioassays were performed to obtain data on the lethal effects of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates: the planarian Polycelis felina and the amphipods Echinogammarus echinosetosus and Eulimnogammarus toletanus. The LC(50), LC(10), and LC(0.01) values (mg/L NO(2)--N) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were calculated for each species. E. toletanus and E. echinosetosus were the most sensitive species, with 96 h LC(50) values of 2.09 and 2.59 mg/L NO(2)--N, respectively. In contrast, the planarian P. felina showed a higher tolerance to nitrite, with a 96 h LC(50) value of 60.0 mg/L NO(2)--N. The obtained results were compared with the reported nitrite data for other freshwater invertebrates. This study may contribute to a more appropriate assessment of the ecological risk of this compound in freshwater ecosystems.

10aAmphipoda10aAnimals10aLethal Dose 5010aNitrites10aplanarians10aRivers10aSpain10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/1718