@article {1860, title = {Notes on Turbellaria. 1. On the occurrence of Bipalium kewense (Moseley) in the United States. 2. On the Identity of Procotylus fluviatilis Leidy and Dendrocoelum lacteum Oersted}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {30}, year = {1896}, pages = {1046-1049}, author = {Woodworth, W.M.} } @article {1779, title = {Studies on Virginian triclads}, journal = {Journal Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, volume = {51}, year = {1935}, pages = {79-133}, url = {http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jncas/id/1631}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1771, title = {New species of flatworms from North, Central, and South America}, journal = {Proceedings of the United States National Museum}, volume = {86}, year = {1939}, pages = {419-439}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7569365$\#$page/507/mode/1up}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1765, title = {Sperm resorption in triclads (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {Invertebrate Reproduction and Development}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {89-95}, abstract = {

Triclads use the excess of spermatozoa received from the partner during copulation as an additional source of nutritive material. Digestion of sperm takes place in various sperm resorptive organs, such as the copulatory bursa, lateral bursae, spermiduct, resorptive vesicles, and oviducal tubae. Sperm resorptive organs may concern either newly evolved organs, or result from a change of function in an already existing structure.

}, doi = {10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, author = {Ronald Sluys} } @article {1740, title = {Increased taxon sampling reveals thousands of hidden orthologs in flatworms}, journal = {Genome Res}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Apr 11}, abstract = {

Gains and losses shape the gene complement of animal lineages and are a fundamental aspect of genomic evolution. Acquiring a comprehensive view of the evolution of gene repertoires is limited by the intrinsic limitations of common sequence similarity searches and available databases. Thus, a subset of the gene complement of an organism consists of hidden orthologs, i.e., those with no apparent homology to sequenced animal lineages - mistakenly considered new genes - but actually representing rapidly evolving orthologs or undetected paralogs. Here, we describe Leapfrog, a simple automated BLAST pipeline that leverages increased taxon sampling to overcome long evolutionary distances and identify putative hidden orthologs in large transcriptomic databases by transitive homology. As a case study, we used 35 transcriptomes of 29 flatworm lineages to recover 3,427 putative hidden orthologs, some of them not identified by OrthoFinder and HaMStR, two common orthogroup inference algorithms. Unexpectedly, we do not observe a correlation between the number of putative hidden orthologs in a lineage and its \&$\#$39;average\&$\#$39; evolutionary rate. Hidden orthologs do not show unusual sequence composition biases that might account for systematic errors in sequence similarity searches. Instead, gene duplication with divergence of one paralog and weak positive selection appear to underlie hidden orthology in Platyhelminthes. By using Leapfrog, we identify key centrosome-related genes and homeodomain classes previously reported as absent in free-living flatworms, e.g. planarians. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that hidden orthologs comprise a significant proportion of the gene repertoire in flatworms, qualifying the impact of gene losses and gains in gene complement evolution.

}, issn = {1549-5469}, doi = {10.1101/gr.216226.116}, author = {Martin-Duran, Jose M and Ryan, Joseph F and Vellutini, Bruno and Pang, Kevin and Hejnol, Andreas} } @article {FWB:FWB21, title = {The reaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and the significance of this for their coexistence in British lakes}, journal = {Freshwater Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {21{\textendash}28}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {1. Three species of leeches, Erpobdella octoculata, Glossiphonia complanata and Helobdella stagnalis, and four species of triclads, Polycelis nigra, P. tennis, Dugesia polychroa and Dendrocoelum lacteum, commonly coexist on stony shores in productive British lakes. All species are food limited and there is much overlap in their diet. For both leech and triclad communities, coexistence of species is through the occurrence of food refuges. Leeches are more successful than triclads at capturing live prey, whereas both groups feed on damaged prey, comprising incapacitated, live or dead animals that are leaking body fluids. If triclads are better than leeches at exploiting damaged prey, this could be a mechanism for their coexistence.2. Laboratory experiments investigated the comparative speeds at which leeches and triclads responded to crushed prey. Young and adult predators were offered a crushed specimen of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, the snail Lymnaea peregra, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus or the chironomid Chironomus sp., and their reaction times recorded. These four prey groups constitute the main diet of the predators in the field. Only D. polychroa and D. lacteum showed a significantly different reaction time between young and adults to crushed prey, and the reason for this is unclear. All predators, except H. stagnalis and D. polychroa, showed a difference in reaction time to the four types of prey, presumably a consequence of differences in both the {\textquoteleft}quality{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}concentration{\textquoteright} of the different prey fluids, and there were some differences between predators in their speed of reaction to the same prey type. The following sequence, from fastest to slowest, in general reaction time to prey was obtained: E. octoculata, D. polychroa, P. tenuis, D. lacteum, P. nigra, H. stagnalis and G. complanata.3. The location of the damaged food by the predators can be explained partly in terms of their foraging behaviour, with E. octoculata, D, polychroa and P. tenuis exhibiting a more seek-out strategy than other species which have a more sit-and-wait behaviour, and partly on the level of sophistication of their chemosensory system used to detect leaked prey fluids. This system is highly developed in triclad species but poorly developed in leeches.4. In a second type of experiment in which prey, L. peregra, A. aquaticus or Chironomus sp., were offered at different time intervals after crushing to H, stagnalis and P. tenuis, few predators fed on food crushed for 24 h or longer, although a few leeches fed on Chironomus crushed for up to 72 h.5. It is concluded that coexistence of leech and triclad species on stony shores in lakes is assisted by partitioning of food on a damaged or live basis.}, issn = {1365-2427}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x}, author = {SEABY, R.M.H. and MARTIN, A.J. and YOUNG, J.O.} } @article {1542, title = {PlanMine {\textendash} a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversity}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/01/04}, pages = {D764 - D773}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

Planarian flatworms are in the midst of a renaissance as a model system for regeneration and stem cells. Besides two well-studied model species, hundreds of species exist worldwide that present a fascinating diversity of regenerative abilities, tissue turnover rates, reproductive strategies and other life history traits. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) aims to accomplish two primary missions: First, to provide an easily accessible platform for sharing, comparing and value-added mining of planarian sequence data. Second, to catalyze the comparative analysis of the phenotypic diversity amongst planarian species. Currently, PlanMine houses transcriptomes independently assembled by our lab and community contributors. Detailed assembly/annotation statistics, a custom-developed BLAST viewer and easy export options enable comparisons at the contig and assembly level. Consistent annotation of all transcriptomes by an automated pipeline, the integration of published gene expression information and inter-relational query tools provide opportunities for mining planarian gene sequences and functions. For inter-species comparisons, we include transcriptomes of, so far, six planarian species, along with images, expert-curated information on their biology and pre-calculated cross-species sequence homologies. PlanMine is based on the popular InterMine system in order to make the rich biology of planarians accessible to the general life sciences research community.

}, isbn = {0305-10481362-4962}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702831/}, author = {Brandl, Holger and Moon, HongKee and Vila-Farr{\'e}, Miquel and Liu, Shang-Yun and Henry, Ian and Rink, Jochen C} } @article {714, title = {Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit et descripsit. Pars. I. Turbellaria Dendrocoela}, journal = {Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia}, volume = {9}, year = {1857}, pages = {19-31}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84745$\#$page/33/mode/1up}, author = {W. Stimpson} } @article {786, title = {A brief account of the fresh water species of Planariae inhabiting the United States}, journal = {Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History}, volume = {3}, year = {1850}, pages = {264-265}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35741$\#$page/272/mode/1up}, author = {Charles Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Girard} } @article {778, title = {Der genitalapparat der tricladen und seine beziehungen zu ihrer allgemeinen morphologie, phylogenie, {\"o}kologie und verbreitung}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r morphologie und {\"o}kologie der Tiere}, volume = {11}, number = {5}, year = {1928}, month = {09/1928}, pages = {570-612}, issn = {0372-9389}, doi = {10.1007/BF02424587}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2FBF02424587}, author = {Josef Meixner} } @article {351, title = {The fresh-water triclads of Michigan}, journal = {Miscellaneous publications / University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology}, volume = {60}, year = {1944}, pages = {1-44}, url = {http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/56305/MP060.pdf?sequence=1}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {825, title = {Planarians of the Caucasus}, journal = {Trudy Obshchestva estestvoispytatelei pri Kazanskom Gosudarstvennom Universitete}, volume = {62}, year = {1958}, pages = {39-89}, author = {Porfirjeva, N.A.} } @article {171, title = {The effect of temperature on the life-cycle of four species of lake-dwelling triclads}, journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology}, volume = {34}, year = {1965}, chapter = {23}, author = {T. B. Reynoldson and J. O. Young and Margaret C. Taylor} } @article {755, title = {Report on the ecological survey of freshwater planarians in Kyoto city and its adjacent district, Honshu}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Ecology}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {1967}, pages = {112-118}, abstract = {

In the vicinity of Kyoto City, 4 species of freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica, Phagocata vivida, Phagocata kawakatsui and Bdellocephala brunnea, were found. D. japonica was most common in the stations both in the plain and the mountainous districts (below the altitude of about 950 m). P. vivida was rather common in the cold-water stations within the altitude range from about 120 to 950 m or more. P. kawakatsui was found only in a spring-fed stream in Kameoka City (Asahi-cho; the type locality of this species) and in a shallow well at Saga-tenryuji-chd in Kyoto City. A small population of B. brunnea was found in a large spring-fed stream at Nishioji-sichijo in Kyoto City (the southernmost locality of this species). This station is well known to biologists as the locality of the sexual race of D. japonica (the Nishioji stock). The type of the vertical distribution in the area surveyed is shown as J-JV-V (J; D japonica; V: P vivida). The 2 species of true lake-dwelling tri-clads, BdellocepEala annandalci and Dendrocoelopsis? sp. of Lake Biwa-ko, were recorded from the muddy bottom (35 to 50 m or more in depth) of the middle and northern parts of Lake Biwa-ko.

}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Ogawara, Genchu and Tarui, Yoshitsugu} } @article {839, title = {An illustrated list of japanese freshwater planarians in color}, journal = {Bulletin of Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {7}, year = {1969}, pages = {45-91}, address = {Sapporo}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @inbook {470, title = {A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria)}, booktitle = {Biology of the Turbellaria}, year = {1974}, pages = {339-401}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, organization = {McGraw-Hill}, address = {New York}, author = {Ian R. Ball} } @article {629, title = {Index to the genera and species of the freshwater triclads (Turbellaria) of the world}, number = {183}, year = {1974}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.183}, url = {https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/5332}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {348, title = {The planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida, Paludicola) of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia}, number = {280}, year = {1978}, url = {http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0280.pdf}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {167, title = {Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {2779}, year = {2011}, month = {02/2011}, pages = {1-38}, author = {Miquel Vila-Farr{\'e} and Ronald Sluys and {\'I}o Almagro and Mette Handberg-Thorsager and Rafael Romero} } @article {308, title = {A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Afromontane forest in South Africa, with an overview of freshwater planarians from the African continent}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3551}, year = {2012}, pages = {43{\textendash}58}, author = {Giacinta Angela Stocchino and Ronald Sluys and Manconi, Renata} } @article {479, title = {Subterranean Aquatic Planarians of Sardinia, with a Discussion on the Penial Flagellum and the Bursal Canal Sphincter in the Genus Dendrocoelum (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae)}, journal = {Journal of Cave and Karst Studies}, volume = {75}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, month = {08/2013}, pages = {93-112}, chapter = {93}, issn = {1090-6924}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2011LSC0252}, url = {http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v75/cave-75-02-93.pdf}, author = {Giacinta Angela Stocchino and Ronald Sluys and Palolo Marcia and Manconi, Renata} }