@article {1876, title = {Genetic differences among several species of Tricladida from the relict Lake Ohrid as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis.}, journal = {Folia Biol (Krakow)}, volume = {51}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {105-9}, abstract = {

Six endemic and two widely distributed species living in Lake Ohrid were studied. In general, these hermaphroditic animals displayed no signs of departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic variation in all but one of the endemic species was of the same extent as that in geographically wide ranging invertebrates. On the other hand, the Lake Ohrid population of the common European species Dendrocoelum lacteum was monomorphic at all loci examined. D. sanctinaumi, one of the endemic species, exhibited a clear genetic subdivision into spring and littoral subpopulations. The genetic differentiation of Crenobia alpina alpina and C. a. montenigrina proved commensurable to that of well separated species from other genera. The data suggest that the separation of particular lineages in the set of Lake Ohrid endemics was widely dispersed over time.

}, keywords = {Animals, Enzymes, Europe, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Platyhelminths, Water Supply}, issn = {0015-5497}, author = {Sywula, Tadeusz and Krstanovski, Zdravko and Tasevska, Orhideja and Sell, Jerzy and Kretowicz, Tomasz} } @article {1860, title = {Notes on Turbellaria. 1. On the occurrence of Bipalium kewense (Moseley) in the United States. 2. On the Identity of Procotylus fluviatilis Leidy and Dendrocoelum lacteum Oersted}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, volume = {30}, year = {1896}, pages = {1046-1049}, author = {Woodworth, W.M.} } @article {1857, title = {Redescription of a North American freshwater planarian, Seidlia remota (Smith, 1988), with taxonomic notes on Seidlia and Polycelis species from the Far East and Central Asia}, journal = {Bulletin of the Fuji Women{\textquoteright}s College}, volume = {36}, year = {1998}, pages = {95-110}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu and Robert W. Mitchell} } @article {1849, title = {North American triclad Turbellaria. 16. Fresh-water planarians from the vicinity of Portland, Oregon}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, year = {1963}, pages = {1-5}, url = {http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3378}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1835, title = {A new species of freshwater flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dendrocoelidae) inhabiting a chemoautotrophic groundwater ecosystem in Romania}, journal = {European Journal of Taxonomy}, year = {2017}, pages = {1{\textendash}21}, abstract = {

We report the description of a new species of freshwater flatworm of the genus Dendrocoelum inhabiting the chemoautotrophic ecosystem of Movile Cave as well as several sulfidic wells in the nearby town of Mangalia, thus representing the first planarian species fully described from this extreme biotope. The species was also found in non-sulfidic wells localized in villages in the vicinity of the cave with a total of nine examined populations. Dendrocoelum obstinatum Stocchino \& Sluys, sp. nov. represents the first triclad being able to live in both sulfidic and non-sulfidic waters. Among the fauna of the Mangalia sulfidic ecosystem it is the only species found also outside of the current boundaries of the sulfidic aquifer. One possible explanation of this peculiar distribution is that the new species is limited to the old boundaries of the sulfidic aquifer. The latter became much smaller during the hydrogeological history of the region, so that D. obstinatum may be considered to be an indicator of the extension of the sulfidic aquifer in the past of the Mangalia region. In the context of a biogeographic discussion on the distribution of the genus Dendrocoelum we provide an annotated checklist of species reported from Romania.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.342}, url = {http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/467}, author = {Giacinta Angela Stocchino and Ronald Sluys and Masaharu Kawakatsu and Serban Mircea Sarbu and Renata Manconi} } @article {1821, title = {Turbellari{\'e}s Triclades end{\'e}miques nouveaux du lac d{\textquoteright}Ohrid}, journal = {Archiv f{\"u}r Hydrobiologie}, volume = {65}, year = {1969}, pages = {413-435}, author = {Stankovi{\'c}, S.} } @article {1820, title = {The endemic planarian Rimacephalus arecepta n. sp. (Tricladida, Paludicola)}, journal = {Zoologicheskii zhurnal}, volume = {48}, year = {1969}, pages = {1303-1308}, author = {Porfirjeva, N.A.} } @article {1818, title = {Recherches sur les triclades paludicoles hypog{\'e}s}, journal = {Memoires du Mus{\'e}um National d{\textquoteright}Histoire Naturelle (Paris), nouvelle s{\'e}rie, s{\'e}rie A (Zoologie)}, volume = {73}, year = {1972}, pages = {1-249, 1 map, plates 1}, author = {Nicole Gourbault} } @article {1817, title = {Die Suesswasser-Tricladen des Westbalkans und die zoogeographischen Probleme dieser Gegend}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere.}, volume = {53}, year = {1927}, pages = {591-674, 23 f., t. 7-9.}, author = {Stankovi{\'c}, S. and Kom{\'a}rek, J.} } @article {1810, title = {A new Dendrocoelum from Yugoslavia (Turbellaria Tricladida)}, journal = {Prirod Razpravo}, volume = {4}, year = {1940}, pages = {91-95}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1808, title = {Studies on the morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of North American triclad Turbellaria. VI. A new Dendrocoelid from Montana, Dendrocoelopsia vaginatus n. sp.}, journal = {Transactions of the American Microscopical Society }, volume = {54}, year = {1935}, pages = {338-345}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1807, title = {Dendrocoelides spelaea n.sp., nov jamski triklad (Turbellaria, Tricladida) iz Slovenije}, journal = {"Rada" Jugosl akad znanosti u Zagrebu}, volume = {230}, year = {1925}, pages = {153-160}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1805, title = {Studies on the Probursalia (Freshwater Triclade) of Hokkaido. I. On two new species of the genus Dendrocoelopsis Kenk, D. lacteus and D. ezensis}, journal = {Bulletin of the Kyoto Gakugei University. Series B.}, year = {1958}, pages = {9-18}, author = {Ichikawa, A. and Okugawa, K.I.} } @article {1804, title = {On two new species of the genus Dendrocoelopsis from China (Tricladida: Paludicola: Dendrocoelidae)}, journal = {Acta Zootaxon Sinica}, volume = {22}, year = {1997}, pages = {240-245}, author = {Liu, D-Z} } @article {1803, title = {North American Triclad Turbellaria, 17: Freshwater planarians from Lake Tahoe}, journal = {Proceedings of the United States National Museum}, volume = {124}, year = {1968}, pages = {1-21}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/10191$\#$/summary}, author = {Masaharu Kawakatsu} } @article {1797, title = {Preliminary descriptions of some Japanese Triclada}, journal = {Annotationes zoologicae japonenses / Nihon dōbutsugaku ihō}, volume = {9}, year = {1916}, pages = {153-171}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/151938$\#$page/163/mode/1up}, author = {Isao Ijima and Toki{\"o} Kaburaki} } @article {1796, title = {{\"U}ber einige zum Teil neuen Arten von Platoden, Anneliden, Myriapoden und Crustaceen Sibiriens}, journal = {M{\'e}moires pr{\'e}sent{\'e}s {\`a} l{\textquoteright}Acad{\'e}mie imp{\'e}riale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg par divers Savans et dans ses assembl{\'e}es}, volume = {8}, year = {1858}, pages = {261-296}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114277$\#$page/311/mode/1up}, author = {Gerstfeldt, G.} } @article {1783, title = {Deux Dendrocoeles obscuricoles de la Region Pyreneenne}, journal = {Notes Biospeologiques}, volume = {11}, year = {1956}, pages = {133-140}, author = {Paul de Beauchamp} } @article {1781, title = {Biospeologica 56. Turbellaries, Hirudinees, Branchiobdellides. (Deuxi{\`e}me serie)}, journal = {Archives de zoologie exp{\'e}rimentale et g{\'e}n{\'e}rale}, volume = {73}, year = {1932}, pages = {113-380}, author = {Paul de Beauchamp} } @article {1779, title = {Studies on Virginian triclads}, journal = {Journal Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, volume = {51}, year = {1935}, pages = {79-133}, url = {http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jncas/id/1631}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1771, title = {New species of flatworms from North, Central, and South America}, journal = {Proceedings of the United States National Museum}, volume = {86}, year = {1939}, pages = {419-439}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7569365$\#$page/507/mode/1up}, author = {Libbie H. Hyman} } @article {1765, title = {Sperm resorption in triclads (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)}, journal = {Invertebrate Reproduction and Development}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {89-95}, abstract = {

Triclads use the excess of spermatozoa received from the partner during copulation as an additional source of nutritive material. Digestion of sperm takes place in various sperm resorptive organs, such as the copulatory bursa, lateral bursae, spermiduct, resorptive vesicles, and oviducal tubae. Sperm resorptive organs may concern either newly evolved organs, or result from a change of function in an already existing structure.

}, doi = {10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1989.9672028}, author = {Ronald Sluys} } @article {1760, title = {The distribution and abundance of lake-dwelling triclads - towards a hypothesis}, journal = {Advances in Ecological Research}, volume = {3}, year = {1966}, chapter = {1-71}, author = {Reynoldson, T. B.} } @article {1759, title = {Reproductive ecology of Dendrocoelum lacteum (Turbellaria) in a rapid stream in southern Sweden and comparisons with a lake population}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {132}, year = {1986}, pages = {273-277}, author = {Herrmann, J.} } @article {1758, title = {Primera cita de Dendrocoelum (D.) lacteum (M{\"u}ller, 1774) (Platyhelmintes; Turbellaria; Dendrocoelidae) en la Pen{\'\i}nsula Ib{\'e}rica}, journal = {Historia Animalium}, volume = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {5-8}, author = {Salvador Carranza and Gonzalo Giribet} } @article {1757, title = {Appunti sulla distribuzione dei Tricladi in Italia}, journal = {Italian Journal of Zoology }, volume = {22}, year = {1951}, pages = {149{\textendash}164}, author = {Mario Benazzi} } @book {1751, title = {Die Planarien des Baikal-Sees (Tricladen), systematisch, anatomisch und zoogoegraphisch bearbeitet}, series = {Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Expedition nach dem Baikal-See unter Leitung des Professors Alexis Korotneff in den Jahren 1900-1902 }, volume = {5}, year = {1912}, address = {Kiev and Berlin}, url = {https://archive.org/details/wissenschaftlich05koro}, author = {Korotnev, Aleksei Alekseevich} } @book {1749, title = {Freshwater planarians (Turbellaria) of North America}, series = {Biota of freshwater ecosystems identification manual no. 1.}, year = {1972}, publisher = {Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, organization = {Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4020}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4020$\#$/summary}, author = {Roman Kenk} } @article {1740, title = {Increased taxon sampling reveals thousands of hidden orthologs in flatworms}, journal = {Genome Res}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Apr 11}, abstract = {

Gains and losses shape the gene complement of animal lineages and are a fundamental aspect of genomic evolution. Acquiring a comprehensive view of the evolution of gene repertoires is limited by the intrinsic limitations of common sequence similarity searches and available databases. Thus, a subset of the gene complement of an organism consists of hidden orthologs, i.e., those with no apparent homology to sequenced animal lineages - mistakenly considered new genes - but actually representing rapidly evolving orthologs or undetected paralogs. Here, we describe Leapfrog, a simple automated BLAST pipeline that leverages increased taxon sampling to overcome long evolutionary distances and identify putative hidden orthologs in large transcriptomic databases by transitive homology. As a case study, we used 35 transcriptomes of 29 flatworm lineages to recover 3,427 putative hidden orthologs, some of them not identified by OrthoFinder and HaMStR, two common orthogroup inference algorithms. Unexpectedly, we do not observe a correlation between the number of putative hidden orthologs in a lineage and its \&$\#$39;average\&$\#$39; evolutionary rate. Hidden orthologs do not show unusual sequence composition biases that might account for systematic errors in sequence similarity searches. Instead, gene duplication with divergence of one paralog and weak positive selection appear to underlie hidden orthology in Platyhelminthes. By using Leapfrog, we identify key centrosome-related genes and homeodomain classes previously reported as absent in free-living flatworms, e.g. planarians. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that hidden orthologs comprise a significant proportion of the gene repertoire in flatworms, qualifying the impact of gene losses and gains in gene complement evolution.

}, issn = {1549-5469}, doi = {10.1101/gr.216226.116}, author = {Martin-Duran, Jose M and Ryan, Joseph F and Vellutini, Bruno and Pang, Kevin and Hejnol, Andreas} } @article {FWB:FWB21, title = {The reaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and the significance of this for their coexistence in British lakes}, journal = {Freshwater Biology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {21{\textendash}28}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {1. Three species of leeches, Erpobdella octoculata, Glossiphonia complanata and Helobdella stagnalis, and four species of triclads, Polycelis nigra, P. tennis, Dugesia polychroa and Dendrocoelum lacteum, commonly coexist on stony shores in productive British lakes. All species are food limited and there is much overlap in their diet. For both leech and triclad communities, coexistence of species is through the occurrence of food refuges. Leeches are more successful than triclads at capturing live prey, whereas both groups feed on damaged prey, comprising incapacitated, live or dead animals that are leaking body fluids. If triclads are better than leeches at exploiting damaged prey, this could be a mechanism for their coexistence.2. Laboratory experiments investigated the comparative speeds at which leeches and triclads responded to crushed prey. Young and adult predators were offered a crushed specimen of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, the snail Lymnaea peregra, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus or the chironomid Chironomus sp., and their reaction times recorded. These four prey groups constitute the main diet of the predators in the field. Only D. polychroa and D. lacteum showed a significantly different reaction time between young and adults to crushed prey, and the reason for this is unclear. All predators, except H. stagnalis and D. polychroa, showed a difference in reaction time to the four types of prey, presumably a consequence of differences in both the {\textquoteleft}quality{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}concentration{\textquoteright} of the different prey fluids, and there were some differences between predators in their speed of reaction to the same prey type. The following sequence, from fastest to slowest, in general reaction time to prey was obtained: E. octoculata, D. polychroa, P. tenuis, D. lacteum, P. nigra, H. stagnalis and G. complanata.3. The location of the damaged food by the predators can be explained partly in terms of their foraging behaviour, with E. octoculata, D, polychroa and P. tenuis exhibiting a more seek-out strategy than other species which have a more sit-and-wait behaviour, and partly on the level of sophistication of their chemosensory system used to detect leaked prey fluids. This system is highly developed in triclad species but poorly developed in leeches.4. In a second type of experiment in which prey, L. peregra, A. aquaticus or Chironomus sp., were offered at different time intervals after crushing to H, stagnalis and P. tenuis, few predators fed on food crushed for 24 h or longer, although a few leeches fed on Chironomus crushed for up to 72 h.5. It is concluded that coexistence of leech and triclad species on stony shores in lakes is assisted by partitioning of food on a damaged or live basis.}, issn = {1365-2427}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x}, author = {SEABY, R.M.H. and MARTIN, A.J. and YOUNG, J.O.} } @article {1542, title = {PlanMine {\textendash} a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversity}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {44}, year = {2016}, month = {2016/01/04}, pages = {D764 - D773}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

Planarian flatworms are in the midst of a renaissance as a model system for regeneration and stem cells. Besides two well-studied model species, hundreds of species exist worldwide that present a fascinating diversity of regenerative abilities, tissue turnover rates, reproductive strategies and other life history traits. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) aims to accomplish two primary missions: First, to provide an easily accessible platform for sharing, comparing and value-added mining of planarian sequence data. Second, to catalyze the comparative analysis of the phenotypic diversity amongst planarian species. Currently, PlanMine houses transcriptomes independently assembled by our lab and community contributors. Detailed assembly/annotation statistics, a custom-developed BLAST viewer and easy export options enable comparisons at the contig and assembly level. Consistent annotation of all transcriptomes by an automated pipeline, the integration of published gene expression information and inter-relational query tools provide opportunities for mining planarian gene sequences and functions. For inter-species comparisons, we include transcriptomes of, so far, six planarian species, along with images, expert-curated information on their biology and pre-calculated cross-species sequence homologies. PlanMine is based on the popular InterMine system in order to make the rich biology of planarians accessible to the general life sciences research community.

}, isbn = {0305-10481362-4962}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702831/}, author = {Brandl, Holger and Moon, HongKee and Vila-Farr{\'e}, Miquel and Liu, Shang-Yun and Henry, Ian and Rink, Jochen C} } @article {1495, title = {Investigation of the ultrastructure of Dendrocoelum constrictum (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) spermatogenesis and mature spermatozoa}, volume = {337}, year = {2014}, month = {2014/9//}, pages = {513 - 520}, abstract = {

To add to our understanding of dendrocoelid spermatozoa and to describe additional phylogenetic characters, the ultrastructure of the testis was investigated in the subterranean freshwater planarian Dendrocoelum constrictum. This is the first study investigating spermatogenesis and spermatozoon ultrastructure in a subterranean freshwater planarian species. We found that the basic structure of spermatozoa in D.\ constrictum is similar to that of other Tricladida that have been studied previously. In fact, D.\ constrictum spermatozoa possess an elongated nucleus, one giant mitochondrion, and two subterminal flagella with a 9 + \‘1\’ pattern. The flagella emerge together from one side of the spermatozoon. However, D.\ constrictum has some characteristics that have not yet been described for other freshwater planarians. In fact, the number of cortical microtubules reaches the maximum number in the anterior and middle part of region I, and then decrease until they disappear towards the posterior extremity of the spermatozoon. The extreme tip of the anterior region of the spermatozoon exhibits a specific external ornamentation of the plasma membrane.

}, keywords = {Dendrocoelum constrictum, Free-living flatworm, Mature spermatozoon, Spermatogenesis, Ultrastructure}, isbn = {1631-0691}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069114001632}, author = {Harrath, Abdel Halim and Gammoudi, Mehrez and Mansour, Lamjed and Ahmed, Mukhtar and Sirotkin, Alexander V. and Al Omar, Suliman Y. and Ibrahim, Khalid E. and Alwasel, Saleh H.} }