00504nas a2200145 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001400202490000700216100001700223700002000240700001800260700001700278856006300295 2017 eng d00aA new species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Planariidae) from China0 anew species of iPolycelisi Platyhelminthes Tricladida Planariida a263–2760 v631 aDong, Zi-Mei1 aChen, Guang-Wen1 aZhang, He-Cai1 aLiu, De-Zeng uhttp://actazool.nhmus.hu/63/3/ActaZH_2017_Vol_63_3_263.pdf00551nas a2200121 4500008004100000245020000041210006900241300001100310490000700321100002400328700002500352856005200377 1998 eng d00aRedescription of a North American freshwater planarian, Seidlia remota (Smith, 1988), with taxonomic notes on Seidlia and Polycelis species from the Far East and Central Asia0 aRedescription of a North American freshwater planarian iSeidlia  a95-1100 v361 aKawakatsu, Masaharu1 aMitchell, Robert, W. uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/185700440nas a2200109 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156300000900225490000700234100002100241856006800262 1922 eng d00aOn some Japanese freshwater triclads; with a note on the parallelism in their distribution in Europe and Japan0 asome Japanese freshwater triclads with a note on the parallelism a1-710 v441 aKaburaki, Tokiö uhttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30335#page/285/mode/1up00402nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001200205490000700217100001600224856005200240 1927 eng d00aEine eigentuemliche Verdoppelung des Kopulationsaparates bei Polycelis tenuis Ijima0 aEine eigentuemliche Verdoppelung des Kopulationsaparates bei iPo a243-2490 v721 aKenk, Roman uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/183004186nas a2200157 4500008004100000020001400041245012500055210006900180300001200249490000700261520364000268100002303908700002203931700002303953856005203976 2017 eng d a0270-506000aPopulation genetics and dispersal of the flatworm, Polycelis coronata: a test of the habitat stability hypothesis0 aPopulation genetics and dispersal of the flatworm iPolycelis cor a179-1920 v323 a

ABSTRACTThe habitat stability hypothesis states that species in spring-like habitats have little reason to disperse compared to species in temporary habitats. Planarians commonly inhabit springs around the world and they have long been considered poor dispersers. Recently, however, genetic analyses have shown contradictory results on the dispersal of planarians. Asexual planarians that can establish a new population by colonization of a single individual showed little genetic differentiation between sites separated by hundreds of kilometers, whereas species inhabiting springs showed deep differentiation between sites separated by hundreds of meters. The latter results are consistent with the habitat stability hypothesis. We used the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene from 468 individuals of Polycelis coronata, an asexual species, collected from 50 sites, nested in 26 tributaries, in 4 catchments of the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA, to explore the dispersal capabilities of P. coronata. The longest distance between sites was 66 km. Despite this small spatial extent, we found that 77% of the 130 haplotypes were collected from a single site and 89% from a single catchment. FST values between local populations in the same tributary (0.221, 0.266, 0.389) were similar to the average FST values in different catchments for other headwater taxa. Also, variation among individuals accounted for the majority of genetic structuring with little differentiation beyond the scale of a single site. Dispersal is very slow in this species which is consistent with the habitat stability hypothesis. However, we suggest that other explanations also warrant consideration. We also identified two potential cryptic species suggesting a high degree of hidden variation at the level of species in this genus.ABSTRACTThe habitat stability hypothesis states that species in spring-like habitats have little reason to disperse compared to species in temporary habitats. Planarians commonly inhabit springs around the world and they have long been considered poor dispersers. Recently, however, genetic analyses have shown contradictory results on the dispersal of planarians. Asexual planarians that can establish a new population by colonization of a single individual showed little genetic differentiation between sites separated by hundreds of kilometers, whereas species inhabiting springs showed deep differentiation between sites separated by hundreds of meters. The latter results are consistent with the habitat stability hypothesis. We used the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene from 468 individuals of Polycelis coronata, an asexual species, collected from 50 sites, nested in 26 tributaries, in 4 catchments of the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA, to explore the dispersal capabilities of P. coronata. The longest distance between sites was 66 km. Despite this small spatial extent, we found that 77% of the 130 haplotypes were collected from a single site and 89% from a single catchment. FST values between local populations in the same tributary (0.221, 0.266, 0.389) were similar to the average FST values in different catchments for other headwater taxa. Also, variation among individuals accounted for the majority of genetic structuring with little differentiation beyond the scale of a single site. Dispersal is very slow in this species which is consistent with the habitat stability hypothesis. However, we suggest that other explanations also warrant consideration. We also identified two potential cryptic species suggesting a high degree of hidden variation at the level of species in this genus.

1 aRader, Russell, B.1 aUnmack, Peter, J.1 aMoore, Jeffrey, N. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2016.125362400357nas a2200109 4500008004100000245005400041210005400095300000700149490000700156100003200163856005200195 1891 eng d00aDeux expèces nouvelles de Planariés americaines0 aDeux expèces nouvelles de Planariés americaines a800 v131 aGirard, Charles, Frédéric uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/180000397nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005500041210005500096300001200151490000600163100001600169700002100185856006900206 1916 eng d00aPreliminary descriptions of some Japanese Triclada0 aPreliminary descriptions of some Japanese Triclada a153-1710 v91 aIjima, Isao1 aKaburaki, Tokiö uhttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/151938#page/163/mode/1up02143nas a2200109 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129260001600198520174500214100002201959856005201981 2017 eng d00aSulphated glycosaminoglycans support an assortment of planarian rhabdite structures0 aSulphated glycosaminoglycans support an assortment of planarian  c2017 Mar 163 a

Planaria are soft-bodied, bilateral flatworms of the phylum Playhelminthes. They are covered in cilia and use ciliary-gliding to traverse the substratum while hunting. Their body surface is covered in a layer of viscous slime primarily derived from specialised secretory granules known as rhabdites. The slime must somehow stay associated with the surface of the animal in aqueous environments whilst also lubricating the interface of the animal and the surfaces over which the animal moves. The slime prevents damage to the animal's soft body and also contributes to adhesion to the substratum. In order to gain insight into how it might achieve these diverse functions, we performed electron microscopic examination of the slime's structure. Analysis of two freshwater flatworms from the UK Schmidtea polychroa (Schmidt, 1861) and Polycelis tenuis (Ijima, 1884) revealed a high level of organisation of the slime layer and a variety of ejected slime structures. We show that these structures are rich in sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). Most of these (269 of 285 examined) appear to be topologically-closed spheroids that we name ball-GAGs Another class appears to burst to release flower- and star-like clusters which adhere to motile cilia. We also observe fibrous nets that are associated with entrapped bacteria. Examination of the structure of rhabdites ejected onto a porous surface suggests a mechanism by which their structure allows them to both bind to the porous surface and provide a smooth layer over which the animal could glide. Such sGAG-based structures might provide models for the design of artificial biomimetic replacements for tears, saliva, bio-compatible lubricants or drug-delivery vehicles.

1 aHayes, Matthew, J uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/173000458nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245005800055210005100113260001600164300000800180490000800188653001200196653001900208100002100227856005200248 1948 eng d a0028-083600aBritish species of Polycelis (Platyhelminthes)0 aBritish species of iPolycelisi Platyhelminthes c1948 Oct 16 a6200 v16210aAnimals10aPlatyhelminths1 aREYNOLDSON, T, B uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172901620nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260001300200300001100213490000700224520080900231653001201040653002201052653002901074653002501103653002101128653001901149653001701168653001501185100001701200700002101217700001301238700001201251700001501263856005201278 1995 eng d a0272-434000aParvalbumin-immunoreactive proteins in the nervous system of planarians0 aParvalbuminimmunoreactive proteins in the nervous system of plan c1995 Aug a401-100 v153 a

1. Using immunological methods, we have identified parvalbumin-like material in the triclade flatworms, Polycelis nigra, Polycelis auriculata, Crenobia alpina, Dugesia tahitiensis, and Dugesia polychroa. 2. Western immunoblot analysis of these five species revealed heat stable parvalbumin-immunoreactive proteins between 32 kD and 44 kD. 3. Proteins at 19 and 32 kD revealed intense labeling with 45Ca2+. 4. Double immunodiffusion of planarian supernatants showed complete fusion of precipitates, indicating immunological relatedness of the parvalbumin-like material among the species investigated. 5. Immunocytochemical studies exhibit parvalbumin-immunoreactive material exclusively in neurons supporting the notion of an early evolutionary appearance of these proteins in the nervous system.

10aAnimals10aBlotting, Western10aCalcium-Binding Proteins10aImmunohistochemistry10aMolecular Weight10aNervous system10aParvalbumins10aplanarians1 aHutticher, A1 aKerschbaum, H, H1 aKainz, V1 aBito, M1 aHermann, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172800542nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245015100055210006900206260001300275300000800288490000700296100001900303700002200322856005200344 2015 eng d a1432-070300aErratum to: Ammonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures0 aErratum to Ammonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian iPolycel c2015 Nov a5960 v691 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172502545nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245013900055210006900194260001300263300001100276490000700287520173200294653001202026653001202038653002102050653001602071653001902087653001502106653001502121653001902136653003102155100001902186700002202205856005202227 2015 eng d a1432-070300aAmmonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina: contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposures0 aAmmonia toxicity to the freshwater planarian iPolycelis felinai  c2015 May a689-950 v683 a

Aquatic animals can be exposed to fluctuating concentrations of toxicants. In fact, for some toxicants (i.e., pesticides, ammonia), discontinuous exposure is more environmentally relevant than constant exposure. Responses of aquatic animals to each type of exposure may be different. However, despite the high ecological relevance of behaviour, there is still scarce information on the effects of discontinuous exposure on behaviour. Our study focused on the assessment of unionized ammonia toxicity on the behaviour of a freshwater planarian under continuous exposure (3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery) versus discontinuous exposure (3 pulses of 1 day with 6 days of recovery between pulses = total 3 days of exposure and 18 days of recovery). Behaviour was assessed as locomotion activity. Bioassays with continuous and discontinuous exposure were performed with one control and five unionized ammonia concentrations (0.14-0.35 mg N-NH3/L). Unionized ammonia in continuous exposure caused less impact on behaviour than equivalent concentrations provided in a discontinuous exposure. By contrast, continuous exposures caused more impact on survival. The discontinuous exposure may allow detoxification during recovery periods, thus increasing the probability of survival in the next pulse. Under continuous exposure, the mortality threshold could be exceeded, and animals could die in greater proportion during exposure as well as the recovery period. We conclude that behavioural activity was a sensitive endpoint to assess the contrasting effects of continuous versus discontinuous exposure and that the response of planarians to discontinuous exposure is different to its response to continuous exposure.

10aAmmonia10aAnimals10aBiological Assay10aFresh Water10aLethal Dose 5010aLocomotion10aplanarians10aToxicity Tests10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172403050nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001300225300001100238490000700249520216500256653001202421653001202433653001702445653001502462653002302477653002302500653001502523653001702538653002302555653001202578653001102590100001702601700002102618700002502639700002002664856005202684 2014 eng d a1365-265600aPredator effects on a detritus-based food web are primarily mediated by non-trophic interactions0 aPredator effects on a detritusbased food web are primarily media c2014 Jul a953-620 v833 a

Predator effects on ecosystems can extend far beyond their prey and are often not solely lethally transmitted. Change in prey traits in response to predation risk can have important repercussions on community assembly and key ecosystem processes (i.e. trait-mediated indirect effects). In addition, some predators themselves alter habitat structure or nutrient cycling through ecological engineering effects. Tracking these non-trophic pathways is thus an important, yet challenging task to gain a better grasp of the functional role of predators. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that, in detritus-based food webs, non-trophic interactions may prevail over purely trophic interactions in determining predator effects on plant litter decomposition. This hypothesis was tested in a headwater stream by modulating the density of a flatworm predator (Polycelis felina) in enclosures containing oak (Quercus robur) leaf litter exposed to natural colonization by small invertebrates and microbial decomposers. Causal path modelling was used to infer how predator effects propagated through the food web. Flatworms accelerated litter decomposition through positive effects on microbial decomposers. The biomass of prey and non-prey invertebrates was not negatively affected by flatworms, suggesting that net predator effect on litter decomposition was primarily determined by non-trophic interactions. Flatworms enhanced the deposition and retention of fine sediments on leaf surface, thereby improving leaf colonization by invertebrates - most of which having strong affinities with interstitial habitats. This predator-induced improvement of habitat availability was attributed to the sticky nature of the mucus that flatworms secrete in copious amount while foraging. Results of path analyses further indicated that this bottom-up ecological engineering effect was as powerful as the top-down effect on invertebrate prey. Our findings suggest that predators have the potential to affect substantially carbon flow and nutrient cycling in detritus-based ecosystems and that this impact cannot be fully appreciated without considering non-trophic effects.

10aAnimals10aBiomass10aCarbon Cycle10aFood Chain10aGeologic Sediments10aModels, Biological10aplanarians10aPlant Leaves10aPredatory Behavior10aQuercus10aRivers1 aMajdi, Nabil1 aBoiché, Anatole1 aTraunspurger, Walter1 aLecerf, Antoine uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172302050nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245014100055210006900196260000900265300001000274490000700284520122200291653001201513653002101525653001901546653001901565653001401584100002001598700002201618700002501640700002201665700002101687700002401708856005201732 2013 eng d a0015-549700aBehavioral, morphological and histopathological effects of sublethal doses of quercetin on the species Polycelis felina (Dalyell)0 aBehavioral morphological and histopathological effects of sublet c2013 a101-60 v613 a

The effect of quercetin was studied on the multi-eyed flatworm Polycelis felina (Daly.) in laboratory conditions. This is a very suitable test-organism available year-round in nature, easily maintained in the laboratory. The results showed that depending on the dose and recovery period quercetin caused locomotory (behavioral) changes in treated animals including aggregation in groups, resting and unsynchronized movements and twisting of particular body parts. Morphological changes in the form of depigmentation of certain body parts were the result of damage or deterioration ofreticular and parenchymal cells. Numerous basophilic bodies representing parts of damaged and decomposed cells were determined in the gastroderm between the third and seventh day after treatment. All histological preparations revealed significant deterioration of cellular material, and therefore a damaging effect of quercetin on the multi-eyed flatworm Polycelis felina (Daly.). We found an increased number of neoblasts and reticular cells on the third day after treatment, so we concluded that quercetin in the applied doses had a stimulating effect on cell division of neoblasts and reticular cells of treated flatworms.

10aAnimals10aBehavior, Animal10aMotor Activity10aPlatyhelminths10aQuercetin1 aRajević, Nives1 aMatković, Helena1 aGregorović, Gordana1 aKovacević, Goran1 aKnezović, Lejla1 aKalafatić, Mirjana uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172202446nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001300244300001000257490000700267520173400274653001202008653001202020653002902032653001602061653001502077653003102092100001902123700002202142856005202164 2011 eng d a1879-129800aThe freshwater planarian Polycelis felina as a sensitive species to assess the long-term toxicity of ammonia0 afreshwater planarian iPolycelis felinai as a sensitive species t c2011 Jul a533-70 v843 a

Behavioural endpoints are a good link between physiological and ecological effects. However long-term behavioural endpoints are not uniformly studied over all different organism groups. For example behaviour has been scarcely studied in planarians. Unionized ammonia (NH(3)) is one of the most widespread pollutants in developed countries, and is known to alter animal behaviour. In this study a long-term (30 d) bioassay was conducted to assess the effect of this pollutant on survival and behavioural activity (e.g. locomotion activity) of the freshwater planarian Polycelis felina. One control and three environmentally-realistic concentrations of unionized ammonia (treatments of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.09 mg N-NH(3) L(-1)) were used in quintuplicate. The behaviour of planarians was measured after 0, 10, 20 and 30 d of ammonia exposure. Mortality was recorded every 2 d. Unionized ammonia increased mortality in the two highest NH(3) concentrations and the locomotory activity was depressed in all treatments after 20 d of exposure. Behavioural effect was observed at concentrations 20 times lower than the short-term LC50 for this species. Previous studies proposed safe concentrations of unionized ammonia of 0.01-0.10 mg N-NH(3) L(-1) to aquatic ecosystems, but our study has shown that these concentrations will affect planarians. Because planarians play a key role in streams (as predator/scavenger), safe concentrations should be below 0.02 mg N-NH(3) L(-1) to protect this species in the freshwater community. Our results can contribute to improve the knowledge about ammonia toxicity to freshwater ecosystems, we recommend that safe concentrations of unionized ammonia should be based on very sensitive species.

10aAmmonia10aAnimals10aEnvironmental Monitoring10aFresh Water10aplanarians10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172102832nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245016400055210006900219260001300288300001100301490000700312520206900319653001402388653001202402653001402414653001902428653001302447653001502460653003102475100001402506700001802520856005202538 2008 eng d a0090-434100aAmeliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to freshwater invertebrates with different physiology: a comparative study between amphipods and planarians0 aAmeliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to freshwate c2008 Feb a259-650 v543 a

High nitrite concentrations in freshwater ecosystems may cause toxicity to aquatic animals. These living organisms can take nitrite up from water through their chloride cells, subsequently suffering oxidation of their respiratory pigments (hemoglobin, hemocyanin). Because NO(2)(-) and Cl(-) ions compete for the same active transport site, elevated chloride concentrations in the aquatic environment have the potential of reducing nitrite toxicity. Although this ameliorating effect is well documented in fish, it has been largely ignored in wild freshwater invertebrates. The aim of this study was to compare the ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to two species of freshwater invertebrates differing in physiology: Eulimnogammarus toletanus (amphipods) and Polycelis felina (planarians). The former species presents gills (with chloride cells) and respiratory pigments, whereas in the latter species these are absent. Test animals were exposed in triplicate for 168 h to a single nitrite concentration (5 ppm NO(2)-N for E. toletanus and 100 ppm NO(2)-N for P. felina) at four different environmental chloride concentrations (27.8, 58.3, 85.3, and 108.0 ppm Cl(-)). The number of dead animals and the number of affected individuals (i.e., number of dead plus inactive invertebrates) were monitored every day. LT(50) (lethal time) and ET(50) (effective time) were estimated for each species and each chloride concentration. LT(50) and ET(50) values increased with increases in the environmental chloride concentration, mainly in amphipods. Results clearly show that the ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity was more significant in amphipods than in planarians, likely because of the absence of gills (with chloride cells) and respiratory pigments in P. felina. Additionally, this comparative study indicates that the ecological risk assessment of nitrite in freshwater ecosystems should take into account not only the most sensitive and key species in the communities, but also chloride levels in the aquatic environment.

10aAmphipoda10aAnimals10aChlorides10aLethal Dose 5010aNitrites10aplanarians10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, A1 aCamargo, J, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172002247nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245005800055210005700113260000900170300001000179490000700189520167600196653001201872653001501884653002101899100002401920700002201944700002301966856005201989 2006 eng d a0015-549700aResistance of two planarian species to UV-irradiation0 aResistance of two planarian species to UVirradiation c2006 a103-80 v543 a

The aim of this work was to determine the effects of 20, 25 and 30 minute UV-irradiation periods lambda = 253.5 nm to two planarian species Dugesia tigrina (Gir.) and Polycelis felina (Daly.). In vivo, UV light effects have been reported to affect intracellular receptors and disrupt simple behaviour. The effects of UV-rays on mortality and behavior as well as morphological, cytological and histological changes in the two planarian species were assessed, and the course and the dynamics of regenerative processes were compared between them. Experimental populations of Dugesia tigrina and Polycelis felina species were maintained in laboratory conditions at room temperature. Mortality, behavioral and morphological changes were monitored daily by means of a light stereomicroscope. For cytological and histopathological analysis, planarians were fixed in Bouine fixative on the first, second, third, fifth and seventh day after exposure to UV-irradiation, respectively. They were embedded in paraffin, cut on a microtome, stained with toluidin blue and embedded in Canada-balsam. UV-rays caused mortality, behavioral, morphological, cytological and histological changes in each planarian species. In regeneration of damaged body parts reticular cells and neoblasts played the main role. Neoblasts as totipotent cells extremely increased in number in the area of damaged tissue, immediately after UV-exposure. Dugesia tigrina was more sensitive to UV-rays than Polycelis felina due to possession of less pigmented cells. The course of regeneration in both species was similar. Most individuals of both species regenerated in 5 to 12 days after UV-irradiation.

10aAnimals10aplanarians10aUltraviolet Rays1 aKalafatić, Mirjana1 aKovacević, Goran1 aFranjević, Damjan uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171901830nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006900125260001300194300000900207490000700216520113500223653001401358653001201372653001901384653001301403653001501416653001101431653001001442653003101452100001901483700002201502856005201524 2006 eng d a1520-408100aToxicity of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates.0 aToxicity of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates c2006 Feb a90-40 v213 a

Nitrite is a compound with a high toxicity to aquatic animals. Several anthropogenic pollution sources are increasing the concentrations of this component of the nitrogen cycle. Despite this toxicity, there is little available literature on its effects on freshwater invertebrates. Laboratory bioassays were performed to obtain data on the lethal effects of nitrite to three species of freshwater invertebrates: the planarian Polycelis felina and the amphipods Echinogammarus echinosetosus and Eulimnogammarus toletanus. The LC(50), LC(10), and LC(0.01) values (mg/L NO(2)--N) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were calculated for each species. E. toletanus and E. echinosetosus were the most sensitive species, with 96 h LC(50) values of 2.09 and 2.59 mg/L NO(2)--N, respectively. In contrast, the planarian P. felina showed a higher tolerance to nitrite, with a 96 h LC(50) value of 60.0 mg/L NO(2)--N. The obtained results were compared with the reported nitrite data for other freshwater invertebrates. This study may contribute to a more appropriate assessment of the ecological risk of this compound in freshwater ecosystems.

10aAmphipoda10aAnimals10aLethal Dose 5010aNitrites10aplanarians10aRivers10aSpain10aWater Pollutants, Chemical1 aAlonso, Alvaro1 aCamargo, Julio, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171803033nas a2200325 4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260001600252300001100268490000700279520209300286653001202379653001602391653001202407653001502419653003702434653001502471653002802486653001502514653001402529653001502543653001602558653001702574100001402591700001802605700001402623700001802637856005202655 2005 eng d a0166-445X00aToxicity testing of herbicide norflurazon on an aquatic bioindicator species--the planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.)0 aToxicity testing of herbicide norflurazon on an aquatic bioindic c2005 Jul 30 a342-520 v733 a

Norflurazon is a bleaching, preemergence herbicide. Due to its mobility and long half-life it presents a potential for groundwater contamination. The aim of our study was to investigate toxic effects of norflurazon on non-targeted aquatic bioindicator organism, the planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.). Animals were exposed to water solutions of norflurazon in concentrations 200, 20, 2 and 0.2 microM. Mortality, locomotive and morphological changes were monitored. Histological changes were studied both on treated and control animals with light microscopy. The primary DNA damage on single planarian cells was studied using the alkaline comet assay. Three comet parameters were studied: tail length, percentage of DNA in comet tail and tail moment. The results showed that norflurazon caused mortality, locomotive, morphological and histological changes in treated animals compared to corresponding controls. The most prominent histological changes were damage of the outer mucous layer, lack of rhabdites, damage to epidermis and extensive damage to parenchyma cells. The results of alkaline comet assay indicated that norflurazon in concentrations of 2 and 0.2 microM induces significant increase of primary DNA damage in planarian cells compared to the corresponding control animals. The mean values of all three measured parameters were significantly elevated on the fourth day of the treatment compared with the first and the seventh day. Based on the results of mortality and locomotive observations, we conclude that the fourth day of the treatment represents a certain threshold within planarian metabolism followed by the beginning of detoxification and recovery. However, histological preparations and comet data statistics show results indicating that high toxicity on the seventh day of the treatment gave the results of decrease of DNA damage due to the tissue/cell damage (apoptosis) and not recovery. The present study showed the ability of norflurazon to induce a wide range of different toxicological responses in freshwater planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.).

10aAnimals10aComet Assay10aCroatia10aDNA Damage10aDose-Response Relationship, Drug10aHerbicides10aHistological Techniques10aLocomotion10aMortality10aplanarians10aPyridazines10aTime Factors1 aHorvat, T1 aKalafatić, M1 aKopjar, N1 aKovacević, G uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171701487nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245011200055210006900167260000900236300001000245490000700255520065000262653001200912653001600924653001200940653001400952653001600966653001500982653002400997100002401021700002001045700001801065700001701083700002201100700002301122856005201145 2004 eng d a0015-549700aKaryological analysis of two allopatric populations of planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) in Croatia0 aKaryological analysis of two allopatric populations of planarian c2004 a131-30 v523 a

The results of preliminary karyological investigations of two geographically distant and morphologically slightly different Polycelis felina (Daly.) populations from central Croatia are reported. The results have shown that individuals of both populations are diploids, with the same chromosome number in their neoblasts (2n=18). Their karyotypes were composed of nine chromosome pairs, three of them are metacentric and the other six are submetacentric. Statistical evaluation of data indicated that both populations of Polycelis felina (Daly.), despite minor differences observed between them, belong to the same karyological biotype.

10aAnimals10aChromosomes10aCroatia10aGeography10aKaryotyping10aplanarians10aSpecies Specificity1 aKalafatić, Mirjana1 aKopjar, Nevenka1 aZrna, Gordana1 aZupan, Irina1 aKovacević, Goran1 aFranjević, Damjan uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171602708nas a2200397 4500008004100000022001400041245014900055210006900204260001300273300001100286490000700297520155200304653001201856653002101868653002201889653001801911653002701929653001201956653003701968653003302005653001102038653001602049653001202065653001802077653001402095653002302109653001502132653001702147653001302164653001302177653001702190100001802207700001402225700001902239856005202258 2004 eng d a0887-233300aThe impairments of neoblast division in regenerating planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) caused by in vitro treatment with cadmium sulfate0 aimpairments of neoblast division in regenerating planarian iPoly c2004 Feb a99-1070 v183 a

The effects of cadmium sulfate on the neoblast mitotic activity in regenerating planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.) were investigated. Mitotic abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations were evaluated after 6-h treatment and 24-h recovery period. The blastema were fixed, and examined cytologically through routine lactoorceine squash preparations. Mitotic indices were also determined. Cadmium sulfate induced a dose-dependent decrease in neoblast mitotic activity, accompanied with disturbances in distribution of cells over mitotic phases. Different cytological abnormalities with varying frequency were observed. Marked mitotic depression was concentration-dependent. Toxic effects of cadmium in regenerating planarian were mainly associated with mitotic spindle disturbances. Immediately after treatment mitotic abnormalities were prevalent over chromosomal and C-mitosis was the most prominent one. After 24-h recovery period a prevalence of mitotic over chromosomal aberrations was still present in animals treated with two higher concentrations of cadmium sulfate. However, the proportions of cells with chromosome stickiness in all treated animals were significantly increased compared to their post-treatment values. Observed mitotic impairments could be related to mitotic arrest contributing to retardations and delays, especially in animals treated with the highest concentration tested. The results obtained indicated usefulness of short term invertebrate assays as an alternative to in vitro pre-screening of toxic chemicals.

10aAnimals10aBiological Assay10aCadmium Compounds10aCell Division10aChromosome Aberrations10aCroatia10aDose-Response Relationship, Drug10aDrug Evaluation, Preclinical10aFemale10aForecasting10aMitosis10aMitotic Index10aMortality10aOxygen Consumption10aplanarians10aregeneration10aSulfates10aSurvival10aTime Factors1 aKalafatić, M1 aKopjar, N1 aBesendorfer, V uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171501156nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190260001300259300001200272490000700284520064600291100002100937856005200958 1972 eng d a1432-193900aThe responses to current flow of two stream dwelling triclads, Crenobia alpina (Dana) and Polycelis felina (Dalyell)0 aresponses to current flow of two stream dwelling triclads iCreno c1972 Dec a313-3200 v103 a

An apparatus is described which allows triclads to choose between the fast and slow regions of a stirred tank. In the absence of a stone substratum Crenobia alpina preferred or tolerated higher current speeds than Polycelis felina, this effect was enhanced when a stone substratum was added to the apparatus. These results indicate that the absence of Polycelis felina from the steep gradient regions of streams could be accounted for by its preference for slower micro-currents. Conversely the presence of Crenobia alpina in steep gradient regions could be accounted for by its preference for or tolerance to higher micro-currents.

1 aLock, Maurice, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171401663nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136260001300205300000900218490000600227520118400233100001801417700001801435856005201453 1972 eng d a1432-193900aThe effects of electrofishing on the invertebrates of a Lake District stream0 aeffects of electrofishing on the invertebrates of a Lake Distric c1972 Mar a1-110 v93 a

The experiments were performed in Dale Park Beck, a stony stream in the English Lake District. Two operators electrofished the sampling area (length 20 m in April and July 1970, and 40 m in May 1971) three times (runs 1, 2, 3) in each experiment.Electrofishing caused a marked increase in the number of invertebrates drifting out of the sampling area, and nearly all taxa taken in the bottom samples were also found in the drift samples. The fish shocker was chiefly responsible for the increased drifting of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Gammarus pulex, and these taxa were dislodged from the substratum more easily than Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Polycelis felina. The increased drifting of the latter taxa was chiefly due to the disturbance of the substratum by the two operators.Most of the invertebrates drifting from the upstream end of the experimental section returned to the bottom within the sampling area. The invertebrate drift out of the sampling area came chiefly from the downstream end of the section, and was equivalent to a loss of only 5% from the total benthos in the sampling area (losses varied between <1 and 13% for individual taxa).

1 aElliott, J, M1 aBagenal, T, B uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171304352nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001300204300001200217490000600229520390100235100001804136856005204154 1971 eng d a1432-193900aThe distances travelled by drifting invertebrates in a Lake District stream0 adistances travelled by drifting invertebrates in a Lake District c1971 Dec a350-3790 v63 a

The distances travelled by drifting invertebrates of 18 taxa were investigated at sites 3 and 4 in the Wilfin Beck, a small stony stream in the English Lake District. Fifty invertebrates of the same taxon were released into the stream at increasing distances upstream from a large net which caught all invertebrates drifting downstream.The relationship between the catch in the net (Y x ) and the distance from the release point to the net (X m) was well described by the regression equation:[Formula: see text] whereR is the constant relative rate of return of invertebrates to the bottom of the stream, andA=Y 0=number of invertebrates released at each point=50. Values ofR, the mean drift distance ([Formula: see text] m), and the distance (X p m) travelled byP% (1%, 10%, 50%) of the drifting invertebrates were calculated for each taxon at different modal water velocities. Values ofR,[Formula: see text] andX p were fairly constant for each taxon at a particular modal water velocity, and were not significantly affected by the source of the experimental animals (benthos or drift), by changes in illumination (daylight or darkness), or by seasonal changes, including water temperature.The experimental taxa at site 4 were divided into the following three groups according to their ability to return to the bottom: 1. Polycelis felina, Ancylus fluviatilis, Chironomidae, Eliminthidae, andAmphinemura sulcicollis. Values ofR,[Formula: see text],X p not significantly different from those obtained for dead invertebrates, which were removed from the drift by chance effects. 2. Protonemura meyeri, Leuctra spp.,Chloroperla spp.,Rhithrogena semicolorata, Simulium spp. Values ofR,[Formula: see text],X p not significantly different from those obtained for dead invertebrates at modal water velocities ≧19 cm/sec. At low velocities (10-12 cm/sec),R was significantly greater and[Formula: see text],X p significantly smaller than values obtained for dead invertebrates. 3. Erpobdella octoculata, Gammarus pulex, Hydropsyche spp.,Ecdyonurus venosus, Ephemerella ignita, Baëtis rhodani. Values ofR,[Formula: see text],X p significantly different (R greater,[Formula: see text] andX p smaller) from those obtained for dead invertebrates. The exponential law was not a good model for experiments with cased caddis larvae (Agapetus fuscipes and a mixed group ofSericostoma personatum, Drusus annulatus, Potamophylax cingulatus). Larvae sank rapidly after release and drifted over very short distances.Values ofR for each taxon were significantly higher at site 3 than at site 4, and the more rapid return at site 3 was presumably due to dense stands of aquatic macrophytes. The increase inR was greatest forSimulium spp. andE. ignita.The relationship between[Formula: see text] and modal water velocity (V cm/sec) was well described by the regression equation:[Formula: see text] wherea andb are constants. The relationship betweenR andV, orX p andV, was described by similar equations. Values ofa andb were calculated for each taxon at sites 3 and 4.The drift distance was also investigated by blocking the total drift and taking drift samples at several stations downstream from the blockage. Drift rate was markedly reduced immediately below the blockage and then gradually increased downstream until it was similar to that recorded before blocking. The mathematical model developed from the detailed experiments was a good fit to the results of the blocking experiments.The behaviour of the drifting invertebrates and their ability to return to the bottom are discussed. From the results of the present study and those of other workers, it is concluded that the mathematical model is a good model for invertebrate drift. The implications of the model are discussed, especially the relationship between drift rate and water velocity, and the proportion of the benthos in the drift.

1 aElliott, J, M uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171200859nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001300244300001100257490000700268653001200275653002500287653001100312653001800323653001800341653002000359653002300379653002500402653000900427653002000436653001300456653001600469100001600485700001600501856005200517 1975 eng d a0022-532000aGenesis, composition and fate of cortical granules in the eggs of Polycelis nigra (Turbellaria, Tricladida).0 aGenesis composition and fate of cortical granules in the eggs of c1975 Feb a277-830 v5010aAnimals10aCytoplasmic Granules10aFemale10aFertilization10aGlycoproteins10aGolgi Apparatus10aHistocytochemistry10aMicroscopy, Electron10aOvum10aPolysaccharides10aProteins10aTurbellaria1 aGremigni, V1 aDomenici, L uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171103333nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190260002900259300001200288490000700300520274800307100001803055700001703073700001603090856005703106 1995 eng d a1365-242700aThe reaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and the significance of this for their coexistence in British lakes0 areaction time of leech and triclad species to crushed prey and t bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a21–280 v343 a1. Three species of leeches, Erpobdella octoculata, Glossiphonia complanata and Helobdella stagnalis, and four species of triclads, Polycelis nigra, P. tennis, Dugesia polychroa and Dendrocoelum lacteum, commonly coexist on stony shores in productive British lakes. All species are food limited and there is much overlap in their diet. For both leech and triclad communities, coexistence of species is through the occurrence of food refuges. Leeches are more successful than triclads at capturing live prey, whereas both groups feed on damaged prey, comprising incapacitated, live or dead animals that are leaking body fluids. If triclads are better than leeches at exploiting damaged prey, this could be a mechanism for their coexistence.2. Laboratory experiments investigated the comparative speeds at which leeches and triclads responded to crushed prey. Young and adult predators were offered a crushed specimen of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, the snail Lymnaea peregra, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus or the chironomid Chironomus sp., and their reaction times recorded. These four prey groups constitute the main diet of the predators in the field. Only D. polychroa and D. lacteum showed a significantly different reaction time between young and adults to crushed prey, and the reason for this is unclear. All predators, except H. stagnalis and D. polychroa, showed a difference in reaction time to the four types of prey, presumably a consequence of differences in both the ‘quality’ and ‘concentration’ of the different prey fluids, and there were some differences between predators in their speed of reaction to the same prey type. The following sequence, from fastest to slowest, in general reaction time to prey was obtained: E. octoculata, D. polychroa, P. tenuis, D. lacteum, P. nigra, H. stagnalis and G. complanata.3. The location of the damaged food by the predators can be explained partly in terms of their foraging behaviour, with E. octoculata, D, polychroa and P. tenuis exhibiting a more seek-out strategy than other species which have a more sit-and-wait behaviour, and partly on the level of sophistication of their chemosensory system used to detect leaked prey fluids. This system is highly developed in triclad species but poorly developed in leeches.4. In a second type of experiment in which prey, L. peregra, A. aquaticus or Chironomus sp., were offered at different time intervals after crushing to H, stagnalis and P. tenuis, few predators fed on food crushed for 24 h or longer, although a few leeches fed on Chironomus crushed for up to 72 h.5. It is concluded that coexistence of leech and triclad species on stony shores in lakes is assisted by partitioning of food on a damaged or live basis.1 aSEABY, R.M.H.1 aMARTIN, A.J.1 aYOUNG, J.O. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00419.x02142nas a2200205 4500008004100000020002300041245007500064210006900139260004000208300001600248490000700264520149300271100001901764700001801783700002401801700001901825700001501844700002001859856005701879 2016 eng d a0305-10481362-496200aPlanMine – a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversity0 aPlanMine a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversi bOxford University Pressc2016/01/04 aD764 - D7730 v443 a

Planarian flatworms are in the midst of a renaissance as a model system for regeneration and stem cells. Besides two well-studied model species, hundreds of species exist worldwide that present a fascinating diversity of regenerative abilities, tissue turnover rates, reproductive strategies and other life history traits. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) aims to accomplish two primary missions: First, to provide an easily accessible platform for sharing, comparing and value-added mining of planarian sequence data. Second, to catalyze the comparative analysis of the phenotypic diversity amongst planarian species. Currently, PlanMine houses transcriptomes independently assembled by our lab and community contributors. Detailed assembly/annotation statistics, a custom-developed BLAST viewer and easy export options enable comparisons at the contig and assembly level. Consistent annotation of all transcriptomes by an automated pipeline, the integration of published gene expression information and inter-relational query tools provide opportunities for mining planarian gene sequences and functions. For inter-species comparisons, we include transcriptomes of, so far, six planarian species, along with images, expert-curated information on their biology and pre-calculated cross-species sequence homologies. PlanMine is based on the popular InterMine system in order to make the rich biology of planarians accessible to the general life sciences research community.

1 aBrandl, Holger1 aMoon, HongKee1 aVila-Farré, Miquel1 aLiu, Shang-Yun1 aHenry, Ian1 aRink, Jochen, C uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702831/02748nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160300001400229520208000243653002302323653002002346653002002366653001502386653001702401100001602418700001602434700001902450700002102469856004002490 2016 eng d a2045-775800aChromosome numbers in three species groups of freshwater flatworms increase with increasing latitude0 aChromosome numbers in three species groups of freshwater flatwor an/a–n/a3 aPolyploidy in combination with parthenogenesis offers advantages for plasticity and the evolution of a broad ecological tolerance of species. Therefore, a positive correlation between the level of ploidy and increasing latitude as a surrogate for environmental harshness has been suggested. Such a positive correlation is well documented for plants, but examples for animals are still rare. Species of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are widely distributed, show a remarkably wide range of chromosome numbers, and offer therefore good model systems to study the geographical distribution of chromosome numbers. We analyzed published data on counts of chromosome numbers and geographical information of three flatworm “species” (Phagocata vitta, Polycelis felina and Crenobia alpina) sampled across Europe (220 populations). We used the mean chromosome number across individuals of a population as a proxy for the level of ploidy within populations, and we tested for relationships of this variable with latitude, mode of reproduction (sexual, asexual or both) and environmental variables (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal temperature range, mean precipitation and net primary production). The mean chromosome numbers of all three species increased with latitude and decreased with mean annual temperature. For two species, chromosome number also decreased with mean precipitation and net primary production. Furthermore, high chromosome numbers within species were accompanied with a loss of sexual reproduction. The variation of chromosome numbers within individuals of two of the three species increased with latitude. Our results support the hypothesis that polyploid lineages are able to cope with harsh climatic conditions at high latitudes. Furthermore, we propose that asexual reproduction in populations with high levels of polyploidization stabilizes hybridization events. Chromosomal irregularities within individuals tend to become more frequent at the extreme environments of high latitudes, presumably because of mitotic errors and downsizing of the genome.10aGeographical range10aparthenogenesis10aPlatyhelminthes10apolyploidy10areproduction1 aLorch, Sven1 aZeuss, Dirk1 aBrandl, Roland1 aBrändle, Martin uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.196900515nam a2200109 4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260004400244490002200288100002800310856006700338 1773 eng d00aVermium terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia0 aVermium terrestrium et fluviatilium seu animalium infusoriorum h bHavniæ, Lipsiæ, apud Heineck et Faber0 vPrimi pars altera1 aMüller, Otto, Frederik uhttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100435#page/5/mode/1up00447nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131490000700200100002300207700001800230700002500248856005200273 1965 eng d00aThe effect of temperature on the life-cycle of four species of lake-dwelling triclads0 aeffect of temperature on the lifecycle of four species of lakedw0 v341 aReynoldson, T., B.1 aYoung, J., O.1 aTaylor, Margaret, C. uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/141203075nas a2200121 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001200260490000700272520260200279100002002881856005202901 1966 eng d00aReport on the ecological survey of freshwater planarians in the Teshio Mountains and its adjacent seaboard district on the Sea of Japan, Hokkaido0 aReport on the ecological survey of freshwater planarians in the  a129-1330 v163 a

The vertical distribution of the freshwater planarians in the Teshio Mountains (the Uryu mountainous district) and its adjacent seaboard district on the Sea of Japan in central and North Hokkaido is reported. The Teshio Mountains are rather low mountains and the highest peak, Mt. Pissiri, is 1031.5 m above sea level. The seaboard district on the Sea of Japan consists of 2 topographical units, one is the low land (the district between Wakkanai and Rumoi) and the other is the Mashike mountainous district (the main peak, Mt. Shokanbetsudake, is 1491 m high). The area surveyed is situated in Latitude 43[degree]30’N. to 45[degree]30’N. and Longitude 141[degree]20’E. to 142[degree]30’E. The main river systems of the districts are the Ishikari, the Teshio and several short rivers (the Enbetsu, the Kotanbetsu, the Obirashibe and the Shokanbetsu). Surveys were made chiefly in the summers of 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1965. In the area surveyed, 9 spp. of freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica Ichikawa et Kawakatsu, Phagocata vivida (Ijima et Kaburaki), Phagocata iwamai Ichikawa et Kawakatsu, Phagocata albata Ichikawa et Kawakatsu, Polycelis sapporo (Ijima et Kaburaki), Polycelis schmidti (Zabusov), Dendrocoelopsis lacteus Ichikawa et Okugawa, Dendrocoelopsis ezensis Ichikawa et Okugawa and Dendrocoelopsis sp. of Otoineppu, were found (including the data of Dr. Kawakatsu). P. sapporo was found everywhere in the streams and springs both in the seashore district and the stations below the altitude of about 460 m. P. schmidti was rather common in the cold-water localities in the Teshio Mountains and at Teshio-cho (alt 15-740 m). P. vivida was collected only in the cold-water spring at On’nenai (the northernmost locality of this species). The other 6 spp. were found chifely in the localities in the plain. The inhabitable water temperature range of the main species of freshwater planarians is as follows: P. sapporo (6.2-18.3[degree]C); P. schmidti (7.0-10.2[degree]C). The type of vertical distribution in the area surveyed is JSC-SC-C. The geographical distribution of P. vivida, P. auriculata and P. schmidti in Hokkaido is also described (modifica-tion of the deduction of the Dr. Kawakatsu’s 1965 article). The northern limit of distribution of P. vivida: the Oshima Peninsula-Sapporo-Mt. Teshio-the Shiretoko Peninsula. The northern limit of distribution of Polycelis auriculata: the Oshima Peninsula-Sapporo-Mt. Teshio-Kushiro. The southern limit of distribution of P. schmidti: Mt. Pisshiri-Mt. Teshio-Akan-the Shiretoko Peninsula.

1 aYamada, Tatsuya uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/140900444nas a2200121 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152260001200221300001200233490000700245100001800252856005200270 1965 eng d00aThe origin and continuous replacement of epidermal cells in the planarian Polycelis tenuis (Iijima)0 aorigin and continuous replacement of epidermal cells in the plan c02/1965 a129-1390 v131 aSkaer, R., J. uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/141000377nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005000041210005000091260002100141300001000162490000700172100002400179856005200203 1973 eng d00aReport on freshwater planarians from Pakistan0 aReport on freshwater planarians from Pakistan aSapporoc12/1973 a79-950 v111 aKawakatsu, Masaharu uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/138200398nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006700041210006400108260001200172300001000184490000600194100002400200856005200224 1969 eng d00aAn illustrated list of japanese freshwater planarians in color0 aillustrated list of japanese freshwater planarians in color aSapporo a45-910 v71 aKawakatsu, Masaharu uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/140000376nas a2200085 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125100001600194856008000210 1978 eng d00aThe planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida, Paludicola) of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia0 aplanarians Turbellaria Tricladida Paludicola of Lake Ohrid in Ma1 aKenk, Roman uhttp://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0280.pdf02197nas a2200145 4500008004100000245014800041210006900189300001200258490000700270520164900277100002201926700002501948700002601973856005201999 1998 eng d00aReproductive modes, ploidy distribution, and supernumerary chromosome frequencies of the flatworm Polycelis nigra (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)0 aReproductive modes ploidy distribution and supernumerary chromos a277-2850 v833 a

The hermaphroditic flatworm, Polycelis nigra, is characterized by two reproductive biotypes which differ with respect to ploidy; sexual individuals are diploid (n = 8, 2× = 16) and pseudogamous parthenogenetic individuals are polyploid (typically 3×). We have collected and karyotyped individuals from 15 sampling sites (13 in mid to northern Italy, one in Great Britain and one in The Netherlands). We found that biotypes can exist alone or in sympatry, and identified purely diploid, mixed diploid-polyploid, and purely polyploid populations. Karyotype data show that in addition to the normal autosome complement, B chromosomes of differing morphology as well as stable aneuploid chromosomes (extra-A) were found almost exclusively in polyploids (11 of 12 sites). We extensively sampled Lago di Toblino (northern Italy), a pure polyploid population characterized by a submetacen- tric to metacentric, mitotically stable B chromosome, as well as a stable extra-A chromosome. Here, individuals having 1–3 B chromosomes were more abundant (61%) than those having no B’s, implying that B chromosome infection has little detrimental effect when occurring in low numbers. Furthermore, 66% of individuals from this population possessed extra-A chromosomes, although it is unclear whether these elements are aneuploid autosomes or B chromosomes of different morphology. The ubiquity of these chromosomes, within asexuals in particular, is suggestive of a correlation between the origination of the elements and the evolution of polyploidy, or may reflect increased tolerance of parthenogenetic genomes to aneuploidy.

1 aBeukeboom, Leo, W1 aSharbel, Timothy, F.1 aMichiels, Nicolaas, K uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/131901937nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007700041210006900118300001400187490000700201520138400208100002201592700001701614700002401631700002001655700002601675856006601701 1996 eng d00aPaternal inheritance of B chromosomes in a parthenogenetic hermaphrodite0 aPaternal inheritance of B chromosomes in a parthenogenetic herma a646–6540 v773 a

B chromosomes are dispensable elements extra to the standard (A) chromosome complement. They have been described from many sexually reproducing species where they often exploit meiosis to accumulate from one generation to the next. Polycelis nigra is a simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm that can reproduce either sexually or asexually through pseudogamous parthenogenesis: although individuals mate, the sperm is only used for egg activation but does not contribute genetically to the progeny. B chromosome frequencies were screened in populations from two North Italian lakes and found to vary from 27 to 90 per cent among pseudogamous parthenogenetic individuals. Because these frequencies were unexpectedly high for an asexual population, we looked at the transmission of B chromosomes in field-collected animals and controlled crosses. Animals that did not carry B chromosomes produced offspring with B chromosomes at frequencies of 6–34 per cent. Results from the crosses strongly suggest that B chromosomes are not only inherited maternally, as expected, but also paternally. This is a new mode of inheritance for a B chromosome. By preventing expulsion from the egg, this B chromosome seems to have acquired biparental transmission in an otherwise asexually reproducing host. We discuss the evolutionary consequences of this observation in more detail.

1 aBeukeboom, Leo, W1 aSeif, Miriam1 aMettenmeyer, Thomas1 aPlowman, Amy, B1 aMichiels, Nicolaas, K uhttp://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v77/n6/abs/hdy1996192a.html00596nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012600041210006900167260001200236300000900248490000900257100002400266700001800290700001700308700003000325700001900355856005200374 2011 eng d00aFreshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology0 aFreshwater planarians Platyhelminthes Tricladida from the Iberia c02/2011 a1-380 v27791 aVila-Farré, Miquel1 aSluys, Ronald1 aAlmagro, Ío1 aHandberg-Thorsager, Mette1 aRomero, Rafael uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/121800627nas a2200169 4500008004100000245016100041210006900202300000900271490000900280100002000289700001800309700001600327700002400343700001900367700001900386856005200405 2012 eng d00aFreshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Palearctic section of the African continent: new records, with the description of a new species0 aFreshwater planarians Platyhelminthes Tricladida from the Palear a1-150 v31821 aHarrath, A., H.1 aSluys, Ronald1 aMerzoug, D.1 aYacoubi-Khebiza, M.1 aAlwasel, Saleh1 aRiutort, Marta uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/120600579nas a2200133 4500008004100000245019200041210006900233300001200302490000900314100003200323700001800355700002000373856005200393 2012 eng d00aA new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Afromontane forest in South Africa, with an overview of freshwater planarians from the African continent0 anew species of iDugesiai Platyhelminthes Tricladida Dugesiidae f a43–580 v35511 aStocchino, Giacinta, Angela1 aSluys, Ronald1 aManconi, Renata uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/1207