01620nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260001300200300001100213490000700224520080900231653001201040653002201052653002901074653002501103653002101128653001901149653001701168653001501185100001701200700002101217700001301238700001201251700001501263856005201278 1995 eng d a0272-434000aParvalbumin-immunoreactive proteins in the nervous system of planarians0 aParvalbuminimmunoreactive proteins in the nervous system of plan c1995 Aug a401-100 v153 a

1. Using immunological methods, we have identified parvalbumin-like material in the triclade flatworms, Polycelis nigra, Polycelis auriculata, Crenobia alpina, Dugesia tahitiensis, and Dugesia polychroa. 2. Western immunoblot analysis of these five species revealed heat stable parvalbumin-immunoreactive proteins between 32 kD and 44 kD. 3. Proteins at 19 and 32 kD revealed intense labeling with 45Ca2+. 4. Double immunodiffusion of planarian supernatants showed complete fusion of precipitates, indicating immunological relatedness of the parvalbumin-like material among the species investigated. 5. Immunocytochemical studies exhibit parvalbumin-immunoreactive material exclusively in neurons supporting the notion of an early evolutionary appearance of these proteins in the nervous system.

10aAnimals10aBlotting, Western10aCalcium-Binding Proteins10aImmunohistochemistry10aMolecular Weight10aNervous system10aParvalbumins10aplanarians1 aHutticher, A1 aKerschbaum, H, H1 aKainz, V1 aBito, M1 aHermann, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/172801156nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190260001300259300001200272490000700284520064600291100002100937856005200958 1972 eng d a1432-193900aThe responses to current flow of two stream dwelling triclads, Crenobia alpina (Dana) and Polycelis felina (Dalyell)0 aresponses to current flow of two stream dwelling triclads iCreno c1972 Dec a313-3200 v103 a

An apparatus is described which allows triclads to choose between the fast and slow regions of a stirred tank. In the absence of a stone substratum Crenobia alpina preferred or tolerated higher current speeds than Polycelis felina, this effect was enhanced when a stone substratum was added to the apparatus. These results indicate that the absence of Polycelis felina from the steep gradient regions of streams could be accounted for by its preference for slower micro-currents. Conversely the presence of Crenobia alpina in steep gradient regions could be accounted for by its preference for or tolerance to higher micro-currents.

1 aLock, Maurice, A uhttps://continenticola.myspecies.info/node/171402748nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160300001400229520208000243653002302323653002002346653002002366653001502386653001702401100001602418700001602434700001902450700002102469856004002490 2016 eng d a2045-775800aChromosome numbers in three species groups of freshwater flatworms increase with increasing latitude0 aChromosome numbers in three species groups of freshwater flatwor an/a–n/a3 aPolyploidy in combination with parthenogenesis offers advantages for plasticity and the evolution of a broad ecological tolerance of species. Therefore, a positive correlation between the level of ploidy and increasing latitude as a surrogate for environmental harshness has been suggested. Such a positive correlation is well documented for plants, but examples for animals are still rare. Species of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are widely distributed, show a remarkably wide range of chromosome numbers, and offer therefore good model systems to study the geographical distribution of chromosome numbers. We analyzed published data on counts of chromosome numbers and geographical information of three flatworm “species” (Phagocata vitta, Polycelis felina and Crenobia alpina) sampled across Europe (220 populations). We used the mean chromosome number across individuals of a population as a proxy for the level of ploidy within populations, and we tested for relationships of this variable with latitude, mode of reproduction (sexual, asexual or both) and environmental variables (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal temperature range, mean precipitation and net primary production). The mean chromosome numbers of all three species increased with latitude and decreased with mean annual temperature. For two species, chromosome number also decreased with mean precipitation and net primary production. Furthermore, high chromosome numbers within species were accompanied with a loss of sexual reproduction. The variation of chromosome numbers within individuals of two of the three species increased with latitude. Our results support the hypothesis that polyploid lineages are able to cope with harsh climatic conditions at high latitudes. Furthermore, we propose that asexual reproduction in populations with high levels of polyploidization stabilizes hybridization events. Chromosomal irregularities within individuals tend to become more frequent at the extreme environments of high latitudes, presumably because of mitotic errors and downsizing of the genome.10aGeographical range10aparthenogenesis10aPlatyhelminthes10apolyploidy10areproduction1 aLorch, Sven1 aZeuss, Dirk1 aBrandl, Roland1 aBrändle, Martin uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.196900376nas a2200085 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125100001600194856008000210 1978 eng d00aThe planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida, Paludicola) of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia0 aplanarians Turbellaria Tricladida Paludicola of Lake Ohrid in Ma1 aKenk, Roman uhttp://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/pdf_hi/SCTZ-0280.pdf