02026nas a2200157 4500008004100000020001400041245011400055210006900169260001100238300000700249490000600256520151500262100002401777700001901801856004801820 2016 eng d a2046-253000aBasal bodies across eukaryotes series: basal bodies in the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea0 aBasal bodies across eukaryotes series basal bodies in the freshw c2016// a150 v53 a

The freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has recently emerged as a valuable model system to study basal bodies (BBs) and cilia. Planarians are free-living flatworms that use cilia beating at the surface of their ventral epidermis for gliding along substrates. The ventral epidermis is composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) that are similar to the MCCs in the respiratory airways, the brain ventricles, and the oviducts in vertebrates. In the planarian epidermis, each cell assembles approximately eighty cilia that beat in a coordinate fashion across the tissue. The BBs that nucleate these cilia all assemble de novo during terminal differentiation of MCCs. The genome of the planarian S. mediterranea has been sequenced and efficient methods for targeting gene expression by RNA interference are available. Defects induced by perturbing the expression of BB proteins can be detected simply by analyzing the locomotion of planarians. BBs are present in large numbers and in predictable orientation, which greatly facilitates analyses by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The great ease in targeting gene expression and analyzing associated defects allowed to identify a set of proteins required for BB assembly and function in planarian MCCs. Future technological developments, including methods for transgenic expression in planarians and in related species, will achieve turning free-living flatworms into powerful model systems to study MCCs and the associated human pathologies.

1 aAzimzadeh, Juliette1 aBasquin, Cyril uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13630-016-0037-102123nas a2200181 4500008004100000020002300041245020200064210006900266260006300335300001300398490000700411520137800418100003101796700002001827700001901847700001801866856005701884 2016 eng d a1553-73901553-740400aGermline Defects Caused by Smed-boule RNA-Interference Reveal That Egg Capsule Deposition Occurs Independently of Fertilization, Ovulation, Mating, or the Presence of Gametes in Planarian Flatworms0 aGermline Defects Caused by Smedboule RNAInterference Reveal That aSan Francisco, CA USAbPublic Library of Sciencec2016/05/ ae10060300 v123 aFew animals are known to lay eggs in the absence of ovulation or copulation, as it is presumably energetically wasteful and subjected to negative selection. Characterization of Smed-boule, a member of the DAZ family of germline RNA-binding proteins, revealed that egg capsule (or capsule) production and deposition occurs independently of the presence of gametes in the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea. Reduction of Smed-boule expression by RNA-interference (RNAi) causes ablation of spermatogonial stem cells and the inability of ovarian germline stem cells to undergo oogenesis. Although animals subjected to Smed-boule RNAi lose their gametes and become sterile, they continue to lay egg capsules. Production of sterile capsules is even observed in virgin Smed-boule(RNAi) and control planarians maintained in complete isolation, demonstrating that egg production in S. mediterranea occurs independently of ovulation, fertilization, or mating. Evidence suggests that this is a conserved feature amongst Platyhelminthes, and therefore relevant to the pathology and dissemination of parasitic flatworms. These findings demonstrate that Smed-boule functions at different stages during male and female germline stem cell development, and also demonstrate that egg capsule production by planarian flatworms occurs independently of signals produced by mating or ova.1 aSteiner, Jessica, Kathryne1 aTasaki, Junichi1 aRouhana, Labib1 aHawley, Scott uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4858218/02041nas a2200157 4500008004100000020001400041245010700055210006900162260003300231300000700264490000600271520150600277100002401783700001901807856005701826 2016 eng d a2046-253000aBasal bodies across eukaryotes series: basal bodies in the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea0 aBasal bodies across eukaryotes series basal bodies in the freshw aLondonbBioMed Centralc2016 a150 v53 aThe freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has recently emerged as a valuable model system to study basal bodies (BBs) and cilia. Planarians are free-living flatworms that use cilia beating at the surface of their ventral epidermis for gliding along substrates. The ventral epidermis is composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) that are similar to the MCCs in the respiratory airways, the brain ventricles, and the oviducts in vertebrates. In the planarian epidermis, each cell assembles approximately eighty cilia that beat in a coordinate fashion across the tissue. The BBs that nucleate these cilia all assemble de novo during terminal differentiation of MCCs. The genome of the planarian S. mediterranea has been sequenced and efficient methods for targeting gene expression by RNA interference are available. Defects induced by perturbing the expression of BB proteins can be detected simply by analyzing the locomotion of planarians. BBs are present in large numbers and in predictable orientation, which greatly facilitates analyses by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The great ease in targeting gene expression and analyzing associated defects allowed to identify a set of proteins required for BB assembly and function in planarian MCCs. Future technological developments, including methods for transgenic expression in planarians and in related species, will achieve turning free-living flatworms into powerful model systems to study MCCs and the associated human pathologies.1 aAzimzadeh, Juliette1 aBasquin, Cyril uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4799839/01692nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171300001400240490000900254520088600263653002301149653001301172653001301185653003001198653002001228653002301248653001501271100001801286700002301304700002801327700002201355856006101377 2016 eng d a1175-533400aTwo new species of freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) from South American caves0 aTwo new species of freshwater flatworms Platyhelminthes Tricladi a107–1210 v40923 a

The diversity of freshwater triclads in the Neotropical region is considered to be low, but extensive areas of South America remain almost unexplored. Herein we describe two cave-dwelling, new species of Girardia, one from a transition zone of the Cerrado and Caatinga phytophysiognomies and the other from the Cerrado phytophysiognomy. The species from the Cerrado-Caatinga transition is a troglobite, eyeless and whitish; the species from the Cerrado area is possibly a troglophile, since it shows heavily pigmented body and eyes. Each species is easily recognized by a unique combination of features in its external morphology and copulatory apparatus. The two new species of Girardia show a restricted distribution, even the troglophile, and occur in caves without legal protection. Therefore, they must be considered as vulnerable organisms in a conservation context.

10aBrazilian savannah10aCaatinga10aGirardia10anew cave-dwelling species10aPlatyhelminthes10asubterranean fauna10aTricladida1 aSOUZA, STELLA1 aMORAIS, ANA, LAURA1 aBICHUETTE, MARIA, ELINA1 aLael-Zanchet, Ana uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4092.1.601173nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001400041245007900055210006900134260001100203300001100214490000600225520053400231100001900765700002400784700001600808700001900824700002200843700002000865700002200885856004800907 2016 eng d a2041-913900aHOX gene complement and expression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea0 aHOX gene complement and expression in the planarian Schmidtea me c2016// a1 - 110 v73 aFreshwater planarians are well known for their regenerative abilities. Less well known is how planarians maintain spatial patterning in long-lived adult animals or how they re-pattern tissues during regeneration. HOX genes are good candidates to regulate planarian spatial patterning, yet the full complement or genomic clustering of planarian HOX genes has not yet been described, primarily because only a few have been detectable by in situ hybridization, and none have given morphological phenotypes when knocked down by RNAi.1 aCurrie, Ko, W.1 aBrown, David, D. R.1 aZhu, Shujun1 aXu, ChangJiang1 aVoisin, Veronique1 aBader, Gary, D.1 aPearson, Bret, J. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13227-016-0044-802430nas a2200337 4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171300001400240490000700254520144200261653002401703653001401727653003901741653002301780653001801803100001601821700001801837700001201855700002001867700001901887700002401906700001601930700001301946700001801959700002001977700001801997700001902015700001802034856004002052 2016 eng d a1521-186X00aEarly exposure of rotating magnetic fields promotes central nervous regeneration in planarian Girardia sinensis0 aEarly exposure of rotating magnetic fields promotes central nerv a244–2550 v373 aMagnetic field exposure is an accepted safe and effective modality for nerve injury. However, it is clinically used only as a supplement or salvage therapy at the later stage of treatment. Here, we used a planarian Girardia sinensis decapitated model to investigate beneficial effects of early rotary non-uniform magnetic fields (RMFs) exposure on central nervous regeneration. Our results clearly indicated that magnetic stimulation induced from early RMFs exposure significantly promoted neural regeneration of planarians. This stimulating effect is frequency and intensity dependent. Optimum effects were obtained when decapitated planarians were cultured at 20 °C, starved for 3 days before head-cutting, and treated with 6 Hz 0.02 T RMFs. At early regeneration stage, RMFs exposure eliminated edema around the wound and facilitated subsequent formation of blastema. It also accelerated cell proliferation and recovery of neuron functionality. Early RMFs exposure up-regulated expression of neural regeneration related proteins, EGR4 and Netrin 2, and mature nerve cell marker proteins, NSE and NPY. These results suggest that RMFs therapy produced early and significant benefit in central nervous regeneration, and should be clinically used at the early stage of neural regeneration, with appropriate optimal frequency and intensity. Bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:244–255, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.10aneural regeneration10aplanarian10arotary non-uniform magnetic fields10astimulating effect10awindow effect1 aChen, Qiang1 aLin, Gui-miao1 aWu, Nan1 aTang, Sheng-wei1 aZheng, Zhi-jia1 aLin, Marie, Chia-mi1 aXu, Gai-xia1 aLiu, Hao1 aDeng, Yue-yue1 aZhang, Xiao-yun1 aChen, Si-ping1 aWang, Xiao-mei1 aben Niu, Han- uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2197102974nas a2200265 4500008004100000020001400041245015200055210006900207260001300276300001000289490000800299520213900307653001402446653002502460653000902485653001802494653001202512653002802524100001702552700001702569700001502586700001902601700001702620856007102637 2016 eng d a0147-651300aComparative sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species to wastewater from an operational coal mine in central Queensland, Australia0 aComparative sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate s c2016/7// a1 - 90 v1293 aAbstractCoal excavation and refinement processes generate substantial volumes of contaminated effluent that may be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. As such, understanding the impacts of coal mine water releases on aquatic animals and ecosystems is essential for effectively managing and protecting neighboring environments. Such information will ultimately be applied towards developing ongoing monitoring strategies that are protective of native wildlife. Despite intensive mining operations in Australia, few studies have documented toxicity associated with coal mine wastewater (CMW) on native species. To address existing knowledge gaps, we investigated acute toxicity (48–96 h) using eight native invertebrate species and sub-chronic effects (2 week) using three vertebrate species following exposure to wastewater from two dams (CMW1 and CMW2) located at an open-cut coal mine licensed to discharge into the Fitzroy catchment (Queensland, Australia). Wastewater from these sites is characterized by elevated conductivity, pH, sulfates as well as relatively high total and dissolved metal(loid)s (including As, Al, B, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn). Acute exposures revealed cladocerans (Daphnia carinata) and planarians (Dugesia sp.) to be the most sensitive species, exhibiting significant mortality after 48 and 96 h exposure to CMW2, respectively. Neither wastewater was found to elicit acute toxicity in vertebrates, but a range of sub-lethal morphological effects were observed following the sub-chronic exposures. The overall response pattern was characterized by decreased condition factor and hepatosomatic index in the fish Hypseleotris compressa and Pseudomugil signifier, and in Limnodynastes peronii tadpoles. Tadpoles were generally more sensitive compared to the two fish species. Differences in responses were observed amongst CMW1 and CMW2, which likely relates to differences in physico-chemical properties between sites. Our results have identified several candidate vertebrate and invertebrate species that show promise for ongoing monitoring of water quality and toxicity risk in Central Queensland, Australia. 10aAustralia10aCoal mine wastewater10aFish10aInvertebrates10aTadpole10aWhole effluent toxicity1 aLanctôt, C.1 aWilson, S.P.1 aFabbro, L.1 aLeusch, F.D.L.1 aMelvin, S.D. uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765131630063X02757nas a2200265 4500008004100000020001400041245017200055210006900227260005900296300001300355490000700368520186200375100001902237700001402256700001602270700001302286700001902299700001802318700001702336700002002353700001602373700001802389700002702407856005702434 2016 eng d a1932-620300aDe Novo Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Immune Related Genes and the RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Freshwater Planarian (Dugesia japonica)0 aDe Novo Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Immune Rel aSan Francisco, CA USAbPublic Library of Sciencec2016 ae01515970 v113 aBACKGROUND: The freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica (D. japonica) possesses extraordinary ability to regenerate lost organs or body parts. Interestingly, in the process of regeneration, there is little wound infection, suggesting that D. japonica has a formidable innate immune system. The importance of immune system prompted us to search for immune-related genes and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways. RESULTS: Transcriptome sequencing of D. japonica was performed on an IlluminaHiSeq2000 platform. A total of 27,180 transcripts were obtained by Trinity assembler. CEGMA analysis and mapping of all trimmed reads back to the assembly result showed that our transcriptome assembly covered most of the whole transcriptome. 23,888 out of 27,180 transcripts contained ORF (open reading fragment), and were highly similar to those in Schistosoma mansoni using BLASTX analysis. 8,079 transcripts (29.7%) and 8,668 (31.9%) were annotated by Blast2GO and KEGG respectively. A DYNLRB-like gene was cloned to verify its roles in the immune response. Finally, the expression patterns of 4 genes (RIG-I, TRAF3, TRAF6, P38) in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were detected, and the results showed they are very likely to be involved in planarian immune response. CONCLUSION: RNA-Seq analysis based on the next-generation sequencing technology was an efficient approach to discover critical genes and to understand their corresponding biological functions. Through GO and KEGG analysis, several critical and conserved signaling pathways and genes related to RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were identified. Four candidate genes were selected to identify their expression dynamics in the process of pathogen stimulation. These annotated transcripts of D. japonica provide a useful resource for subsequent investigation of other important pathways.1 aPang, Qiuxiang1 aGao, Lili1 aHu, Wenjing1 aAn, Yang1 aDeng, Hongkuan1 aZhang, Yichao1 aSun, Xiaowen1 aZhu, Guangzhong1 aLiu, Baohua1 aZhao, Bosheng1 aRobinson-Rechavi, Marc uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4795655/02142nas a2200205 4500008004100000020002300041245007500064210006900139260004000208300001600248490000700264520149300271100001901764700001801783700002401801700001901825700001501844700002001859856005701879 2016 eng d a0305-10481362-496200aPlanMine – a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversity0 aPlanMine a mineable resource of planarian biology and biodiversi bOxford University Pressc2016/01/04 aD764 - D7730 v443 a

Planarian flatworms are in the midst of a renaissance as a model system for regeneration and stem cells. Besides two well-studied model species, hundreds of species exist worldwide that present a fascinating diversity of regenerative abilities, tissue turnover rates, reproductive strategies and other life history traits. PlanMine (http://planmine.mpi-cbg.de/) aims to accomplish two primary missions: First, to provide an easily accessible platform for sharing, comparing and value-added mining of planarian sequence data. Second, to catalyze the comparative analysis of the phenotypic diversity amongst planarian species. Currently, PlanMine houses transcriptomes independently assembled by our lab and community contributors. Detailed assembly/annotation statistics, a custom-developed BLAST viewer and easy export options enable comparisons at the contig and assembly level. Consistent annotation of all transcriptomes by an automated pipeline, the integration of published gene expression information and inter-relational query tools provide opportunities for mining planarian gene sequences and functions. For inter-species comparisons, we include transcriptomes of, so far, six planarian species, along with images, expert-curated information on their biology and pre-calculated cross-species sequence homologies. PlanMine is based on the popular InterMine system in order to make the rich biology of planarians accessible to the general life sciences research community.

1 aBrandl, Holger1 aMoon, HongKee1 aVila-Farré, Miquel1 aLiu, Shang-Yun1 aHenry, Ian1 aRink, Jochen, C uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702831/